Bio term 3 final!! Flashcards
List the levels of organization (atoms to organism)
Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems and organism
Function of DNA in a cell
Store the genetic information
Function of cytoplasm in a cell
Holds the shape of the cell
Function of ribosomes in a cell
The site of protein synthesis
Function of cell membrane
Protects the cell and regulates the movement of materials in and out of the cell
Similarities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
They both have dna, cell membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes
How are Eukaryotic cells different?
Eukaryotic cells are bigger, multicellular, have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles,
How are Prokaryotic cells different?
Prokaryotic cells are smaller, unicellular, no nucleus, DNA is free floating
Similarities of plant and animal cells
They both have a nucleus and mitochondria
How are Plant cells different?
Plant cells are bigger, have a cell wall, large vacuole, square shaped, chloroplast
How are Animal cells different?
Animal cells are smaller, has no cell well, small vacuoles, circle shaped, no chloroplast, flagella
What are the 4 types of macromolecules?
Protein, Lipids, Carbohydrate, Nucleic Acid
Proteins functions in the body
Speed up chemical reactions
Lipids function in the body
Gives long term energy
Carbs function in the body
Gives short term energy
Nucleic acids function in the body
Stores genetic information
Proteins building block
Amino acids
Lipids building block
Fatty acids and glycerol
Carbs building block
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Nucleic acid building block
Nucleotide
Examples of Proteins
Hair, nails, enzymes
Examples of Lipids
Cholesterol, fats, oil, grease
Examples of Carbs
Glucose, chitin, cellulose, starch
Examples of Nucleic acids
DNA, RNA
ATP function
Storing and transferring energy in cells
Why do organisms need ATP?
It provides the energy needed
What are the purpose of enzymes?
They help speed up chemical reactions in our body
Name three factors that affect an enzymes ability to function
Temp, pH and concentration
What happens when an enzyme is exposed to temp, pH and concentration?
It can denature the enzyme and the active site will change shape
Describe the enzyme substrate complex
The substrate (the key) connects to the enzyme (the lock) and the reaction can start. The reactant is the enzyme and the product is the substrate when it connects
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
Protects the cell and allows transportation of materials
How does the cell membrane help the cell maintain homeostasis?
It controls what goes in/out of the cell which keeps it selectively permeable
What is the function of phospholipids?
The foundation of the membrane and makes the cell semi permeable
What is the function of the Cell surface marker?
Identifies the cell types
What is the function of Cholesterol?
Adds stability and makes the cell stronger
What is the function of Transport proteins?
Helps move things across the cell membrane
What is the function of Receptor proteins?
Grabs/binds to things outside of the cell
What is the function of enzymes? (in a cell membrane)
Speed up chemical reactions
What is a similarity between active and passive transport?
They are both dealing with energy
Where does the energy in passive transport go?
aka diffusion goes from high to low
Where does the energy in active transport go?
The energy goes from low to high
What are the differences from active to passive transport?
Active uses energy, passive doesn’t and active goes low to high when passive goes from high to low
Draw a cell membrane
Parts-Cell surface marker, carb, transport protein, receptor protein, cholesterol, enzyme
What parts are on the outside of a cell membrane?
Cholesterol and cell surface marker
What is the pathway of food?
mouth-pharynx-esophagus-stomach-small intestine-large intestine-rectum-anus
Label the pancreas, liver and gallbladder on a diagram
good luck!
What is made in the stomach?
Chyme
What enzyme is in the stomach?
Pepsin
What does the small intestine do during digestion?
Absorbs nutrients
What does the large intestine do during digestion?
Solidifies and absorbs the water
What does the liver do?
Makes bile
What does the gallbladder do?
Stores bile
Name 3 accessory organs
Liver, appendix, gallbladder
What happens if you have diabetes?
The pancreas does not produce enough insulin
What produces various enzymes in the body?
Pancreas
Explain symptoms/disorders a person would have if their stomach had a problem
Stomach ache or heartburn (acid going from the stomach up to the esophagus)
Explain symptoms/disorders a person would have if their pancreas had a problem
Diabetes
Explain symptoms/disorders a person would have if their small intestine had a problem
Crohns disease
Explain symptoms/disorders a person would have if their large intestine had a problem
Abdominal pain
What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis?
To make glucose so the plant can grow and reach the sun
Where does photosynthesis occur?
The chloroplast
What is the name of the pigment that absorbs energy from the sun?
The chlorophyll
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Sunlight+CO2+H20—C6H12O6+O2
What is the goal of the Light dependent reactions cycle?
Make ATP
What is the goal of the Dark reaction (Calvin cycle)?
Use ATP to make sugar/glucose
What happens in the light reactions cycle?
Sun hits chlorophyll, breaks apart H2O, takes hydrogen, releases oxygen (ATP is made)
What happens in the dark reactions cycle?
Breaks apart CO2, uses carbon and ATP to build glucose
What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?
To make energy for the cell
Where does cell respiration occur? (there are multiple)
The cytoplasm and the mitochondria
What is the cellular respiration equation?
C6H1206+O2—CO2+H2O+ATP
What are the similarities between aerobic and anaerobic?
They both start with glycolysis, and have at least 2 ATP
How is aerobic different?
It has O2, in the mitochondria, produces CO2 and water, 38 ATP
How is anaerobic different?
No O2, in the cytoplasm, produces lactic acid, only 2 ATP
What does cellular respiration give off (to photosynthesis)?
Cellular respiration gives off water and CO2
What does photosynthesis give off (to cellular respiration)?
Photosynthesis gives off glucose and O2
What is the function of DNA replication?
Produce identical DNA strands
What bases go together in DNA?
Guanine-Cytosine, Adenine-Thynine
Describe the process of DNA replication
Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds and polymerase connects it to another strand and then proof reads it
Why is DNA replication a semi permeable process?
It has an old and new strand
What are the similarities between DNA and RNA?
They both have 4 bases and have A,C,G
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
Dna has thymine, RNA has uracil, Dna is double helix, RNA is single helix
What are the three types of RNA?
Messenger, transport and ribosomal
Describe the RNA process
mRNA carries something to the rRNA, tRNA comes and drops an amino acid to make protein
