Bio-Tech #1 Flashcards
Biochemistry
the study of Life as a process that can be understood
How does science describe Life (or the living state)?
Organisms must extract energy from their environment.
Possess ability to self-replicate and self-assemble.
Ability to adapt to change (evolution).
First tier elements found in organisms
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.
Catabolism
(degradation): nutrients and cell components are broken down to salvage components and/or generate energy.
Anabolism
(biosynthesis): biomolecules are synthesized from simpler components.
What is the currency of energy in metabolism?
ATP!!! (adenosine triphosphate)
Central Dogma of Molecular bio
DNA-(transcription)->RNA-(Translation)->Protein
3 domains of organisms
bacteria, eukarya, archaea
Prokaryotes
simple organisms, usually single celled.
Plasma Membrane
functions to compartmentalize the intracellular space from the outside environment.
DNA strands are_________
complementary: the sequence of one strand implies the sequence of the other.
Biological complementarity leads to _________
reps
replication
Replication leads to ______
error rates which are actually quite low
How often are there errors in replication?
1 in 10^8 to 10^10
can mispairing lead to a selective advantage?
yes, Darwinian Evolution
Darwinian Evolution
all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual’s ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
Eukaryotes
increased complexity, multicellular organisms
what leads to increased complexity in eukaryotic cells?
compartmentalization
Eukaryotes
increased complexity, multicellular organisms
Where are eukaryotic cells organelles ?
Eukaryotic cells have organelles, that are separated into membrane-enclosed compartments
Eukaryotic plasma membranes allow for _____
regulation
How many chromosomes do humans have?
Yeast?
hermit crab?
humans: 46
Mr. Krabs: ~254
Yeast: 34
how did life originate?
In 3 stages
Stage 1 of how life originated
Chemical Evolution: in which simple geologically occurring molecules reacted to form complex organic polymers
Stage 2 of how life originated
Self-Organization: Collections of these polymers organize to form replicating entities. This marks the transition from a lifeless collection of reacting molecules to a living system.
Stage 3 of how life originated
Biological Evolution: Natural selection occurs to ultimately form the complex web of modern life.
