Bio Second Semester test Flashcards
Outline the basic structure of the Earth
Crust - Solid,
Mantle - Mostly solid
Outer core - Liquid
Inner core - Solid
Outline convection currents in the context of how the mantle moves.
Hotter, less dense mantle rises
Reaches the surface forming new crust
Lateral movement causes tectonic plates to move
Cooled, denser plate subducts
Mantle material cools and sinks
Describe the typical features at convergent plate boundaries between continental-continental,
continental-oceanic, and oceanic-oceanic crust interactions.
They crush together, high frequency of earthquakes, oceanic trenches, subduction zones, and volcanoes,
Continental-Continental: a collision where two continental plates meet head-on. Since neither plate is stronger than the other, they crumple and are pushed up. This can lead to the formation of huge, high mountain ranges such as the Himalayas.
Continental-Oceanic: the oceanic plate will always subduct, which will cause earthquakes and form volcanic arcs.
Oceanic-Oceanic: the cooler, denser one descends, or subducts, beneath the overriding plate and sinks into the mantle, causing volcanic action
Describe the typical features at divergent plate boundaries on continental and oceanic crusts.
Plates move away from each other
The crust stretches, and small earthquakes occur
Continental divergent plate boundaries are constructive, as they form new crust due to magma rising
Oceanic divergent plate boundaries, are also constructive as they also form new crust due to magma rising
Describe the typical features at transform boundaries on continental crusts.
Fault lines, shallow earthquakes, shear zones
Draw and label a diagram of water molecules including the covalent bonds, their polarity, and hydrogen bond formation.
Polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds
Describe the hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
Extensive network of hydrogen bonds allows water to resists changes in temperature.
Outline how hydrogen bonding in water lends itself to uses in living organisms such as a solvent and having a high specific heat capacity.
Excellent medium for living organisms in oceans, rivers and lakes.
Excellent at regulating temperature within living organisms (e.g metabolic reactions)
Excellent as a coolant - hydrogen bond breaks and evaporates water by absorbing heat radiation
Construct a diagram of the hydrological (water) cycle using terms such as:
evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, groundwater.
Precipitation: atmosphere back to ground (e.g.
rain, snow, hail)
Evaporation: liquid to gas in the atmosphere
Transpiration: Water vapour lost through leaves
Infiltration - soaking into soil and ground through
Groundwater flow: slow movement water under
water table (aquifers)
Surface run-off - movement of water surface on land
Condensation: the process where water vapor becomes liquid
Define solute
Solute: Substance dissolved in solution, typically lower amount than solvent
What is the average salinity of water?
The average salinity of water is 3.5%
Describe how soluble salts, such as sodium chloride, dissolve in water by the dissolution of ions.
Since water has polarity, it attracts other polar particles, thus forming hydrogen bonds.
Seawater is a mixture of different ____ and ____
Seawater is a mixture of different elements and compounds.
Describe the pH scale as a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in water, including the terms acidic, neutral and alkaline.
The pH scale is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, with acidic solutions having high concentrations, and alkaline solutions having lower concentrations of hydrogen ions.
Being neutral means when there is an equal amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
What is the use of a litmus indicator, universal indicator and pH probes?
Litmus indicator, universal indicator, and pH probes are typically used to measure the pH of water samples.
Deduce the effects of decreasing pH on organisms with calcium carbonate structures.
Carbon dioxide dissolves in water, which forms carbonic acid, generating various ions
However, shells only use calcium ions and carbonate ions to build shells made of calcium carbonate
They have to expend extra energy to expel hydrogen ions, thus slowing the building process of shells.
Identify (including from diagrams) ionic substances, including sodium chloride and calcium carbonate.
Salts are ionic substances:
Electrically neutral
Ionic lattices
Chemically neutral
What is NaCl?
Sodium Chloride
