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Bio Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain the niche concept

A

The full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organisms use those conditions.

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2
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Full range, potential mode of existence

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2
Q

Zonation

A

The division of an ecosystem into distinct zones that experience similar abiotic conditions. In a more global sense, zonation may also refer to the broad distribution of vegetation according to latitude and altitude.

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3
Q

An autotroph

A

Produces its own food, self feeding

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4
Q

Outline the cause of tides, including the variation between neap and spring tides.

A

Tidal effects are from gravitational forces from the moon and the sun. A full moon and a new moon will cause a spring tide, which is an extra high tide, and a neap tide occurs during quarter moons.

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5
Q

What are Factors that affect the distribution of animals

A

Temperature, water, breeding sites, food supply and territories.

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6
Q

What affects the distribution of plants and animals?

A

Affected by limiting factors

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7
Q

Competition:

A

When fundamental niches of two species overlap

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8
Q

Herbivory:

A

Consumption of plant material by animals

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9
Q

Predation:

A

Consumption of animal material by animals

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10
Q

Spatial habitat:

A

Where an organism lives

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11
Q

Feeding activities:

A

What and how it eats

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12
Q

What is it called to have Interactions with other species?

A

Interspecific competition

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13
Q

What is the realised niche

A

The actual mode of existence resulting from adaptations and competition

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14
Q

What is Competitive Exclusion

A

The ability of two species with the same described niche to coexist

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15
Q

What is the use of a transect to investigate the change along an environmental gradient (abiotic factor)?

A

A transect is a line placed across a community of organisms. Transects are usually carried out to provide information on the distribution of species in the community

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16
Q

Species:

A

Groups of individuals of common ancestry that closely resemble each other and that are normally capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring naturally

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17
Q

Population:

A

A group of organisms of the same species which live in the same area (habitat) at the same time

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18
Q

Community:

A

Groups of populations of organisms living and interacting with each other

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19
Q

Ecosystem:

A

Natural unit of living (biotic) components and non-living (abiotic) components (community+abiotic factors)

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20
Q

Habitat

A

An ecological area occupied by a particular species

21
Q

Factors that affect the distribution of plants

A

Temperature, water, light, soil pH, salinity, and mineral nutrients

22
Q

A heterotroph

A

An organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

23
Q

Consumers:

A

Feed on living organisms

24
Q

Detritvores

A

Internally digest decaying organic matter

25
Q

Saprotrophs:

A

Externally digest decaying organic matter, and recycle nutrients.

26
Q

What is a food chain

A

Food chains show the path of energy, arrow points towards the thing doing the eating (as that is where the energy goes)

27
Q

What is a food web?

A

Complex diagrams that show feeding habitats of organisms in an ecosystem

28
Q

Trophic level

A

The trophic level of an organism is the position that it occupies in a food web or chain

29
Q

Different level of consumers

A

Producer, Primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer, quinary consumer, senary consumer

30
Q

What is the initial energy source for all communities?

A

Light is the initial energy source for all communities

31
Q

Explain the energy flow in a food chain

A

Arrow points towards the thing doing the eating, as the energy goes there, and 10% of the energy is consumed and transferred

32
Q

Are energy transformations 100% efficient?

A

Energy transformations are never 100% efficient

33
Q

Describe reasons for the shape of pyramids of energy.

A

Only about 10% of energy is transferred from one level to the next and they are drawn to scale.

34
Q

The four phases in a sigmoid (S-shaped) population growth curve

A

Lag phase,
Exponential phase,
Transitional phase,
Plateau phase.

35
Q

How population size is affected by natality, immigration, mortality and emigration.

A

Population growth depends on the number of individuals added to the population from births (natality) and immigration, minus the number lost through deaths (mortality) and emigration

36
Q

how do limiting factors influence the carrying capacity for a species.

A

the availability of food, predation pressure or available habitat, affect organism growth and population growth, and distribution

37
Q

Exponential curve:

A

Early on, growth is exponential. Exponential growth is sustained only when there is no environmental resistance.

38
Q

Cause for exponential growth:

A

plentiful resources (food, water, territory), little to no interspecies competition and little to no predation or disease

39
Q

transitional phase

A

Logistic curve: As the population grows, the rate of population increase slows, reaching an equilibrium level around the carrying capacity.

40
Q

environmental resistance

A

The population encounters resistance to exponential growth as it begins to fill up the environment.
Environmental resistance increases as the population overshoots the carrying capacity

41
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The population density that can be supported by the environment

42
Q

Plateau phase:

A

The population tends to fluctuate around an “equilibrium level”. The fluctuations are caused by variations in birth rate and death rate as a result of the population exceeding or falling below carrying capacity.

43
Q

Crest:

A

The highest point of the wave

44
Q

Trough

A

The lowest point of the wave

45
Q

Amplitude

A

How far the wave moves from rest position

46
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between one point on a wave and the exact same place on the next wave

47
Q

What cause surface waves?

A

Surface ocean waves are caused by winds

48
Q

What causes tsunamis?

A

Tsunamis are caused by deep ocean waves initiated by plate movements

49
Q

Surface waves:

A

Surface waves are caused by built-up energy or wind, and they are shallow and near the surface. They also have a short wavelength of 100-200m.

50
Q

Tsunamis

A

Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes or other tectonic motions, are a deep water column. They have a long wavelength (500-1000km)

51
Q

What is competition within the same speceis?

A

Intraspecific competition

Bio test (2 decks)

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