Bio SAT Flashcards
When number of protons = number of electrons
atom in elemental state
Electrons in the lowest available energy level
ground state
Are isotopes chemically identical
yes
Used to diagnose diseases of thyroid
radioactive idoine (I-131)
When two atomic nuclei attract the same electron
bonding
CL-, NA+, and CA2+ examples of
ions (from ionic bonding)
Covalent bonding (sharing electrons) results in
molecules
When two atoms share one pair electonrs
single covalent bond
What is the anon in water?
oxygen
weaker than ionic bonds have stronger than non polar bonds
hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonding – polar or non polar
polar
Bonding between non polar molecules
Van der walls
Example of van Der walls
CO2
What type of substances diffuse across PM
non polar
Capillary action made possible by
adhesion
Transpirational-pull cohesion tension made possible and surface tension made possible by
cohesion tenstion
As the concentration of H+ increases, the pH
decreases
pH of acid rain
less than 5.6
human blood and seawater: basic or acidic
basic
HC03- is the
bicarbonate ion
What kind of bonding is sharing electrons
covalent
What kind of bonding is transferring electrons
ionic
1 gram carb releases
4 calories heat
Monosacchardie chem formula
CnH2nOn
Same molecular formula but different structures
isomers
What reaction occurs in digestion
hydrolysis
Makes up exoskeleton in arthropods
chitin
Stored in liver and skeletal muscle
glycogen (animal starch)
Hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group at one end
fatty acid
Have only single bonds btwn carbon atoms
saturated fats
Have at least one double bond between carbons (fewer hydrogens)
Unsaturated fats
1 gram lipid releases
9 calories of heat
Parts of an amino acid
Carboxyl group, amine group, variable R, all attached to central carbon
1 gram protein releases
4 calories
Elements in proteins
CHONSP
Can proteins be hormones
yes
the 3D conformation of a protein
tertiary structure
Do enzymes bind to many or only one type of substrate
just one
Enzyme that hydrolyzes “-ose” would be named
“-ase”
minerals + enzymes
cofactors
vitamins + enzymes
coenzymes
Denature when body temp rises above
40 C
What elements make up nucleic acids
CHONP
Parts of nucleotide
Phosphate, 5-C sugar, nitrogenous base
Is uracil pyrimidines or purine
pyrimidine
Water is a __ polar molecule with __ hydrogen attraction __ its molecules
highly
strong
between
Does water have high or low heat of fusion
High
Takes a lot of heat to melt water like ice
High heat of fusion
Why does water have relatively high heat of vaporization
strong intermolecular attractions
O=C=OH is
carboxyl group
chain of C’s with OH on one side and H on the other
glycerol
Sweating is due to
high heat of vaporization
Can temp affect an enzyme
yes
Endocrine opposition of insulin to increase blood sugar
glucagon
First person observe/document living cells
Leeuwenhoek
Microscope, coined term “cell”
Robert Hook
“Where a cell exists, there must be a preexisting cell”
Rudolf Virchow
Parts of cell theory
all living things composed of cells
cells basic unit of all organisms
all cells arise prexising cells
Most plant and animal cells micrometers
10 to 100
Are ribosomes larger pros or euks
euks
Most have tough external cell walls
Pros
__ fits __
form
function
Does the nucleolus divide
no
Are nucleoli membrane bound structures
no
Site of transport throughout cytoplasm
Rough ER
Where does glycogen/carb metabolism occur
smooth ER
Complex network protein filaments extends throughout cytoplasm, gives cell shape and ability to move
cytoskeleton
Thick hollow tubes made of tubular
microtubules
What do microtubules make
cilia, flagella, spindle fibers
made of actin, help support shape of cell
microfilaments
Enable animal cells to form cleavage furrow, amoeba to move by sending out pseudopods, skeletal muscles contract by sliding along myosin filaments
microfilaments
Lie outside nuclear membrane, organize spindle fibers (microtubules) required for cell division
centrioles and centrosomes
Only __ cells have centrioles and centrosomes
animal cells
Plant cells have __
microtubule organizing regions instead
___, at right angles to each other, make up __
Two centrioles
one centrosome
__ and __ have the same structure
centrioles
spindle fibers
Centrioles =
9 triplets
9 triplets =
Centrioles
Cilia and flagella =
9 +2
9 +2
cilia and flagella
Both cilia an dflagella are made from
microtubules
Substance that does dissolving
solvent
Substance that dissolves
salute
Types of Passive transport
Simple diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
The steeper the gradient, the __ the rate of diffusion
faster
Calcium enters nerve cells through
facilitated diffusion
Is 5 percent sodium chloride hypertonic or hypotonic to a cell
hypertonic
Active release of molecules from a cell
Exocytosis
Types of endocytosis
pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
What type of transport do pseudopods use
phagocytosis
How do body cells uptake cholesterol
receptor mediated endocytosis
What does sodium potassium pump use
active transport
Only animal cells exhibit
locomotion
Main tool for studying cell structure/cytology
compound microscope
Where is the diaphragm on a microscope
right below the stage
To determine total magnification, multiply magnification of ___ by magnification of objective lens
ocular lens/eyepiece
objective lense
A light microscope that enhances contrast; useful for living, unstained cells
phase-contrast microscope
TEM is __, while SEM is __
2D; 3D
Site of RNA production; produces RNA that makes up ribosomes
nucleoli
T/F: only plant cells have large vacuoles
F
Spindle fibers and centrioles consist of
nine triplets of microtubules in a circle
Membranes in mitochondria?
Outer double membrane and folded inner membrane
Plastids membranes
Double outer membrane and inner one (grana)
What does meiosis produce
gametes
Two sister chromatids (exact copies of each other) =
replicated chromosome
Specialized religion holding two sister chromosomes together
centromere
___ connect the centromere to the ___ during cell division
spindle fibers
centrosome
What is this: X
one chromosome
Also acceptable: one replicated chromosome
Some cells like ___ permanently lose ability to __ and go into ___
nerve and muscle cells
divide
G zero
proteins ensure cell doesn’t undergo mitosis till certain conditions met
internal regulators
what are growth factors
external regulators
what do growth factors do
affect rate of cell cycle
What stage?
Chromosomes replicate, one or more nucleoli become visible in nuclear, nuclear membrane remains intact
Interphase
5 parts of prophase?
Chromosomes condense Nucleoli disappear Spindle fibers form from one centrosome to tother centrioles migrate to poles nuclear membrane diseintegrates
3 parts of metaphase?
Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
Centrosomes at opposite ends of cell
spinde fibers run from centrosomes to centromeres of chromo
what does centromere refer to
connection point btwn sister chromatids
2 parts of anaphase?
Centromeres of each chromosome separate
Spindle fibers pull sister chromosomes apart
3 parts of telophase
chromosomes cluster opposite ends
nuclear membrane reforms
supercoiled chromosomes unravel
What signals interphase?
nucleoli reforming
Processes during reduction division?
synapsis, crossing over, independent separation
What is independent separation
how one pair of chromosomes separates doesn’t affect how other pairs separate
What separates during Meiosis II
sister chromatids separate
What separates during Meiosis I
Homologous chromosomes separate
How many cells result from Meiosis
four
are cells produced by meiosis genetically identical
no, genetically unique
how many crossing overs occur
just one
Produces cells with half the n chromosome number
meiosis I
chromosome number remains unchanged
Meiosis II
X X – how many chromosomes
2
X X – how many chromatids
4
How to determine number of chromsomes
count number of centromeres
When is the nucleolus visible
interphase
T/F: spindle fibers are attached to the centriole in plant cells
F
Is cell respiration reduction or oxidation
oxidative
Equation for cellular reps. one molecule glucose:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
Waste products from cell resp
co2 and water
Energy is __ to __ a phosphate to ___ to produce __
absorbed
add
ADP
ATP
Processes using substrate level phosphorylation?
Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
What is the anaerobic phase of aerobic cell respiration?
glycolysis
1 glucose + 2ATP –>
2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH
How many turns of Krebs cycle to break down one molecule glucose/2 pyruvates
2 turns
Products of 1 turn of Krebs
1 atp
1 fadh2
3 nadh
Waste product of krebs cycle
CO2
NADH and FADH2 are ___ that shuttle ____ from ___ and ___ to the ___
coenzymes protons and electrons glycolysis Krebs cycle ETC
NADH
NAD+
reduced form
oxidized form
FADH2
FAD+
reduced form
oxidized form
Flow of protons cellular rest
pups protons from inner matrix to outer compartment, then flood back into matrix
What powers pumping protons across crustal membrane
Electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 being pulled through ETC
Roles of oxygen cellular reps
pulls electrons through ETC
Final electron/proton acceptor
ETC is collection of carrier molecules like
cytochromes
__ molecule glucose leads to __ molecules ATP
1
36
Other routes for 2 pyruvate from glycolysis:
alcohol/lactic acid fermentation
Where is lactic acid converted back to pyruvate
liver
Does cell respiration produce energy
No, it only transfers it
What is waste product of ETC
water
What is immediate result of electron transport chain?
Creates proton gradient
What processes in cell reps require energy
just glycolysis
What s the raw material for krebs cycle
acetyl coa
Where does Krebs cycle occur
inner matrix
where does ETC occur
cristae membrane
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
Formula for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H20 + energy –> C6H1206 +6H20+602
Is photosynthesis oxidation or reduction
reduction
If something appears green, it __ green and absorbs all other colors of lighr
reflects
what color is photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a
green
Where are phycobilins found
red algae
Do both reactions of photosynthesis take place all the time
No, both take place wonly when there is light
Function of light reactions
produce ATP and protons for next stage
Light ind focus
make sugar (PGAL)
Where do electrons from photosynthesis water go
replace those lost by chlorophyl
Where do protons from water in photosynthesis go
pass through ATP, carried by NADP to storm
Where do O2 go
oxygen as waste product
In photosynthesis, the protons begin the in the __ and are pumped into the __, then flow back into the __
stroma
thylakoid space
stroma
What process occurs in Calvin cycle
carbon fixation
why do light reactions make ATP
keep Calvin cycle running
Carbon fixation equation
CO2 + protons and electrons carried by NADP –> PGAL
first enzyme in Calvin cycle
rubisco
two important particles in photosynthesis
NADP+ and NADPH
two important particles in cellular reps
NAD and NADH
What does water split into during photosynthesis
protons, electrons, oxygen
Tightly packed cells containing chloroplasts
palisade mesophyll
Clear and does not carry out photosynthesis
Epidermis layer
above the edidermis, clear and minimizes water loss
cutin
Why is photosynthesis reduction
CO2 gains hydrogen
Carotenoids absorb all colors of light except
yellow
brought math to inheritance laws
Mendel
What laws did Mendel produce
law of dominance, segregation, independent assortment
when two organisms, homozygous for two opposing traits, offspring will be hybrid but only exhibit dominant
law of dominance
During the formation of gametes, the ___ carried by each parent ___
two traits
separate
What is monohybrid cross
Cross btwn two organisms each hybrid for single trait
Phenotype Monohybrid
3 tall, one short
Genotype Monohybrid
1 HH: 2 Hh: 1hh
what does test cross find
whether animal showing dominant trait is BB or Bb
In a testcorss, if any offspring show recessive trait, parent of unknown genotype must be
hybrid
What is phenotypes for testcross in which one parent pure recessive one parent hybrid
1 to 1
What determines how alleles are inherited
how homologous pairs line up in metaphase of meiosis I (random)
What is dihybrid
cross between two individuals hybrid for two different traits
What is phenotypic ratio for dihybrid cross
9:3:3:1
Only dealt with one gene, two allelles
Mendelian
What does crossing BB with WW produce according to incomplete dominance
all BW
example of codominance
MM and NN blood group like to MN, where both types are fully expressed
When there are more than two allelic forms of a gene
multiple alleles
What are blood types an example of
Codominance and multiple alleles
when characteristic controlled by many separate genes
polygenic inheritance
Polygenic inheritance such as skin pigmentation results in
bell-shaped curve
All daughters of affected fathers are ___of recessive sex linked traits
carriers
Sons __ inherit a sex-linked trait from the __ because the son inherits the Y chromosome from the father
cannot
father
Genes located on either sex chromosme
sex-linked genes
When inheritance is influenced by the sex of the individual carrying the traits
sex-influenced inheritance
How many total chromosomes in a human
46
How many autosomes
44 or 22 pairs
How many sex chromosomes
2 or 1 pair
pedigrees based on
phenotype
caused by a change in the DNA sequence
gene mutations
can be observed under light microscope; may have deletion or addition
chromosome mutation
Any abnormal chromosome condition
aneuploidy
If chromosome present in triplicate
trisomy
An organism in which the cells have an extra set of chromsomes
triploid
example of triploid
cells of endosperm or cotyledon
Organism with more than 3 sets of chromsomes
polyploid
Examples of chromosome abberations
deletion, inversion, translocation, polyploidy, nondisjunction
Degenerate disease of nervous system
Huntington’s disease
PKU pattern
Autosomal recessive
Cycstic fibrosis pattern
Autosomal recessive
Tay=Sachs pattern
AR
Hemolphilia pattern
sex-linked recessive
color blindness
sex-linked recessive
How to rule out sex-linked dominant?
At least one parent would need to have trait
discovered bacterial transformation
griffith
DNA replication occurs in
opposite directions
RNA single or double stranded
double stranded
Clover leaf shaped molecule that carries specific amino acid molecules to ___ at the ribosome to help form a polypeptide during __
mRNA
translation
when RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to growing end of new strand
elongation
what do slurps do
remove introns during RNA processing
What are stop codons
UAA
UGA
UAG
what is start codon
AUG
Role of anticodons?
To match up with DNA and thus bring
If the codon is AUG, what is the anticodon?
UAC (met)
genes + their switchese
operon
Two types of operons?
Lac/Inducible operon
Repressible operon
binding site RNA polymerase
promoter (like an on switch)
Binding site for the repressor
operator
Turns off the Lac operon
repressor
helps RNA polymerase bind to promoter
TATA box
Point mutation =
base-pair substitution
Point mutation is what type of mutation?
Gene mutation
What type of gene mutation results in frameshift
insertion/deletion
Having entire extra sets of chromosomes, like 3n or 4n
polyploidy
What does presswork for gel electrophoresis
restriction enzymes
Does PCR use cells
No, just DNA
what is mismatch repair
DNA polymerase proofreading
example of molecular biology
chromosome c
whop published treatise on population growth, disease, famine that inspired Darwin
Malthus
darkening due to industrailization
industrial melanism
when two or more phenotypes coexist in a population; often results from diversifying selection
balanced polymorphism
What are the sources of variation in a population
mutation, genetic drift, gene flow
when small population breaks away from larger one to colonize a new area
founder effect
what do founder effect and bottleneck effect have in common
both are examples of genetic drift in which part is not representative of the whole
movement of alleles into or out of a population
gene flow
How to take square roots of decimals
make sure that there are the same number of digits beyond decimal point in the factors as in the answer
If lions and tigers can interbreed, are they same species?
No, they would not do so in nature
Is polyploidy example of isolation factor leading to speciation
yes
when two groups have the same common ancestor, they both evolve but do so in similar environments
parallel evolution (wolves in N. America and Australia)
Examples of coevolution
predator/prey, pollinator plant
same common ancestor, same environment with different niches
adaptive radiation
Why don’t accept gradualism
can’t find transitional fossils for every stage
Example of punctuated equilibrium?
New species arises in a different place and expands its range, competing with and replacing the ancestral species that becomes extinct
What made up ancient environment
methane, ammonia, vapor, and nitrogen
Why could organic molecules form in early earth
no oxygen to erode them
What is heterotrophic hypothesis
states that first ells on earth were anaerobic heterotrophc prokaryotes
What organelles resulted from endosymbioisis
nuclei, chloroplasts, mitochondria
period of time in which so many animals appeared
Cambrian xplosion
What allowed animals to move around
lungs skin Limbs Internal fertilization Shell for eggs
What allowed plants to move to land
roots cells for light vascular tissue for water cutin seeds
Volcanic eruptions in Siberia
Permian mass extinction
asteroid crashed into Mexico
Createcous mass extinction
Does evolution always cause organisms to become more complex
no, only to fit their environment
Part of Darwin’s theory? Organisms change in response to a need in the environment
false
Part of Darwrin’s theory? Populations tend to overpopulate
yes
How was populations tend to overpopulate developed
by Darwin after reading Malthus’ treaty on disease
Stephen Gould and Niles Edlridge developed
puntuated equillibrium
What is genetic drift
a change in the gene pool due to chance
chocolate or fruit first
chocolate
How to bacteria get food
hetero/autotrophic
Do bacteria have cell wall
yes
what is blue-green algae
autotrhopihic bacteria
What do methanogens do
produce methane from hydrogen to obtain nrg
what kingdom seaweeds and slime molds
protista
do some Protista carry out conjugation
yes
Are any fungi autotrophic
No, all heterotrophic
organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter
saprobes
what category is regular mold
fungus
are any plants multicellular
No, all unicellular
Are any animals autotrohpic
No, all heterotrophic
Characteristics of chordates
Post-anal tail
Dorsal nerve cord
Notochord
Gill slits
Do Porifera/sponges have tissue
No, loose federation of cells
Do flatworms have organs?
Yes
Most bilaterally symmetrical animals are ___
triploblastic
most simple animal to show cephalization?
flatworm
provides space for organ systems
coelom
What animals are coelomates
annelida, Mollusca, arthropoda, chordata
A fluid-filled body cavity completely surrounded by __ tissue
mesoderm
Example of pseudocoelomate
roundworm
Mneumonic phyla?
Charlie eats a monkey annually, never pondering chestnut pie
Order of phyla?
Chordata Echinoderms Arthopods Mollusca Annelids Nematodes Platyhemids cyndiarians proiferia
Do flatworms have 3 cell layers
yes
Porifera reproduction?
fragmentation, hermaphrodites
cnidarians types of digestion?
Intraceullar/extracellular digestion
Examples of platyhelminthes
Flatworms and tapeworms
Advancements of flatworm?
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
There cel layers
Examples of annelids?
earthworms and leeches
Examples of mollusks?
squids, octopuses, slugs, clams, snails
Molluks have a __ circulatory system with blood-filled __
open
hemocoels
Examples arthropods?
Insects (grasshopper), crustaceans (shrimp, crab), arachnids (spider)
Examples echinoderms
Sea stars, sea urchins
generate heat from within, example is reptile
some reptiles
maintain consistent body temp
homeotherms
Do cladograms tell time
no
What becomes digestive system?
Endoderm
How do archaea obtain energy?
autotrophic and heterotrophic
How do all animals get nutrients
ingestion
What do some arthropods have
exoskeleton made of chitin
heated from the outside
ectotherm
Benefit of being warm-blooded?
Can move around at any time
What waste do birds excrete
uric acid
Where does digestion occur hydra
gastrovascular cavy
food enters the same opening waste exits
two way digestive tract
Do cnidarians have 3 cell layers
no
Hydra/cnidarian nervous system
nerve net
increases surface area in intestine for absorption
typhlosole
What is responsible for removing uric acid from grasshoppers
Malpighian tubules in the digestive tract
Why does grasshopper have open circulatory system
blood leaves artery and moves through sinuses
Grasshoppers internal or external respiratory surface
internal
Which one has an open circulatory system
grasshoppers
Which was has closed circulatory system
Earthworm
Which one has external respiratory surface
worm
Which one has internal respiratory surface
grasshoppers
What is earthworm’s nitrogenous waste
urea
