Bio SAT Flashcards
When number of protons = number of electrons
atom in elemental state
Electrons in the lowest available energy level
ground state
Are isotopes chemically identical
yes
Used to diagnose diseases of thyroid
radioactive idoine (I-131)
When two atomic nuclei attract the same electron
bonding
CL-, NA+, and CA2+ examples of
ions (from ionic bonding)
Covalent bonding (sharing electrons) results in
molecules
When two atoms share one pair electonrs
single covalent bond
What is the anon in water?
oxygen
weaker than ionic bonds have stronger than non polar bonds
hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonding – polar or non polar
polar
Bonding between non polar molecules
Van der walls
Example of van Der walls
CO2
What type of substances diffuse across PM
non polar
Capillary action made possible by
adhesion
Transpirational-pull cohesion tension made possible and surface tension made possible by
cohesion tenstion
As the concentration of H+ increases, the pH
decreases
pH of acid rain
less than 5.6
human blood and seawater: basic or acidic
basic
HC03- is the
bicarbonate ion
What kind of bonding is sharing electrons
covalent
What kind of bonding is transferring electrons
ionic
1 gram carb releases
4 calories heat
Monosacchardie chem formula
CnH2nOn
Same molecular formula but different structures
isomers
What reaction occurs in digestion
hydrolysis
Makes up exoskeleton in arthropods
chitin
Stored in liver and skeletal muscle
glycogen (animal starch)
Hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group at one end
fatty acid
Have only single bonds btwn carbon atoms
saturated fats
Have at least one double bond between carbons (fewer hydrogens)
Unsaturated fats
1 gram lipid releases
9 calories of heat
Parts of an amino acid
Carboxyl group, amine group, variable R, all attached to central carbon
1 gram protein releases
4 calories
Elements in proteins
CHONSP
Can proteins be hormones
yes
the 3D conformation of a protein
tertiary structure
Do enzymes bind to many or only one type of substrate
just one
Enzyme that hydrolyzes “-ose” would be named
“-ase”
minerals + enzymes
cofactors
vitamins + enzymes
coenzymes
Denature when body temp rises above
40 C
What elements make up nucleic acids
CHONP
Parts of nucleotide
Phosphate, 5-C sugar, nitrogenous base
Is uracil pyrimidines or purine
pyrimidine
Water is a __ polar molecule with __ hydrogen attraction __ its molecules
highly
strong
between
Does water have high or low heat of fusion
High
Takes a lot of heat to melt water like ice
High heat of fusion
Why does water have relatively high heat of vaporization
strong intermolecular attractions
O=C=OH is
carboxyl group
chain of C’s with OH on one side and H on the other
glycerol
Sweating is due to
high heat of vaporization
Can temp affect an enzyme
yes
Endocrine opposition of insulin to increase blood sugar
glucagon
First person observe/document living cells
Leeuwenhoek
Microscope, coined term “cell”
Robert Hook
“Where a cell exists, there must be a preexisting cell”
Rudolf Virchow
Parts of cell theory
all living things composed of cells
cells basic unit of all organisms
all cells arise prexising cells
Most plant and animal cells micrometers
10 to 100
Are ribosomes larger pros or euks
euks
Most have tough external cell walls
Pros
__ fits __
form
function
Does the nucleolus divide
no
Are nucleoli membrane bound structures
no
Site of transport throughout cytoplasm
Rough ER
Where does glycogen/carb metabolism occur
smooth ER
Complex network protein filaments extends throughout cytoplasm, gives cell shape and ability to move
cytoskeleton
Thick hollow tubes made of tubular
microtubules
What do microtubules make
cilia, flagella, spindle fibers
made of actin, help support shape of cell
microfilaments
Enable animal cells to form cleavage furrow, amoeba to move by sending out pseudopods, skeletal muscles contract by sliding along myosin filaments
microfilaments
Lie outside nuclear membrane, organize spindle fibers (microtubules) required for cell division
centrioles and centrosomes
Only __ cells have centrioles and centrosomes
animal cells
Plant cells have __
microtubule organizing regions instead
___, at right angles to each other, make up __
Two centrioles
one centrosome
__ and __ have the same structure
centrioles
spindle fibers
Centrioles =
9 triplets
9 triplets =
Centrioles
Cilia and flagella =
9 +2
9 +2
cilia and flagella
Both cilia an dflagella are made from
microtubules
Substance that does dissolving
solvent
Substance that dissolves
salute
Types of Passive transport
Simple diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
The steeper the gradient, the __ the rate of diffusion
faster
Calcium enters nerve cells through
facilitated diffusion
Is 5 percent sodium chloride hypertonic or hypotonic to a cell
hypertonic
Active release of molecules from a cell
Exocytosis
Types of endocytosis
pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
What type of transport do pseudopods use
phagocytosis
How do body cells uptake cholesterol
receptor mediated endocytosis
What does sodium potassium pump use
active transport
Only animal cells exhibit
locomotion
Main tool for studying cell structure/cytology
compound microscope
Where is the diaphragm on a microscope
right below the stage
To determine total magnification, multiply magnification of ___ by magnification of objective lens
ocular lens/eyepiece
objective lense
A light microscope that enhances contrast; useful for living, unstained cells
phase-contrast microscope
TEM is __, while SEM is __
2D; 3D
Site of RNA production; produces RNA that makes up ribosomes
nucleoli
T/F: only plant cells have large vacuoles
F
Spindle fibers and centrioles consist of
nine triplets of microtubules in a circle
Membranes in mitochondria?
Outer double membrane and folded inner membrane
Plastids membranes
Double outer membrane and inner one (grana)
What does meiosis produce
gametes
Two sister chromatids (exact copies of each other) =
replicated chromosome
Specialized religion holding two sister chromosomes together
centromere
___ connect the centromere to the ___ during cell division
spindle fibers
centrosome
What is this: X
one chromosome
Also acceptable: one replicated chromosome
Some cells like ___ permanently lose ability to __ and go into ___
nerve and muscle cells
divide
G zero
proteins ensure cell doesn’t undergo mitosis till certain conditions met
internal regulators
what are growth factors
external regulators
what do growth factors do
affect rate of cell cycle
What stage?
Chromosomes replicate, one or more nucleoli become visible in nuclear, nuclear membrane remains intact
Interphase
5 parts of prophase?
Chromosomes condense Nucleoli disappear Spindle fibers form from one centrosome to tother centrioles migrate to poles nuclear membrane diseintegrates
3 parts of metaphase?
Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
Centrosomes at opposite ends of cell
spinde fibers run from centrosomes to centromeres of chromo
what does centromere refer to
connection point btwn sister chromatids
2 parts of anaphase?
Centromeres of each chromosome separate
Spindle fibers pull sister chromosomes apart
3 parts of telophase
chromosomes cluster opposite ends
nuclear membrane reforms
supercoiled chromosomes unravel
What signals interphase?
nucleoli reforming
Processes during reduction division?
synapsis, crossing over, independent separation
What is independent separation
how one pair of chromosomes separates doesn’t affect how other pairs separate
What separates during Meiosis II
sister chromatids separate
What separates during Meiosis I
Homologous chromosomes separate
How many cells result from Meiosis
four
are cells produced by meiosis genetically identical
no, genetically unique
how many crossing overs occur
just one
Produces cells with half the n chromosome number
meiosis I
chromosome number remains unchanged
Meiosis II
X X – how many chromosomes
2
X X – how many chromatids
4
How to determine number of chromsomes
count number of centromeres
When is the nucleolus visible
interphase
T/F: spindle fibers are attached to the centriole in plant cells
F
Is cell respiration reduction or oxidation
oxidative
Equation for cellular reps. one molecule glucose:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
