BIO QUIZ Flashcards
Equations of cellular respiration and photosynthesis
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O
What are the two steps of photosynthesis?
The light reaction (grana) and the calvin cycle (stroma)
What goes in and what comes out of each step of photosynthesis?
IN LIGHT REACTION: water and sunlight go in; and oxygen, ATP, and NADPH goes out CALVIN CYCLE: carbon dioxide and energy goes in; and oxygen and sugar goes out.
Where do the two steps take place?
LIGHT REACTION: in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
CALVIN CYCLE: the stroma of the chloroplasts
Which step needs light?
light reaction
Which light colors are absorbed by chlorophyll?
red and blue light
What are endergonic and exergonic reactions?
Endergonic reactions require input of energy, while exergonic reactions release energy. In endergonic reactions, reactants have little stored energy, whereas in exergonic reactions, reactants have more energy than products.
What is ATP used for?
ATP is used for energy transfer in cells.
What do enzymes do?
Enzymes act as catalysts, speeding up biochemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed or altering the reaction’s equilibrium.
What is the catalytic cycle of an enzyme?
The catalytic cycle involves the substrate binding to the enzyme’s active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex, followed by the enzyme catalyzing the reaction, converting the substrate to product, and finally releasing the product.
What is metabolism?
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life and perform various functions.
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is summarized by the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP). It consists of three steps, where oxygen is needed, and glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid.
What are greenhouse gases?
Greenhouse gases are naturally occurring and human-produced atmospheric gases that trap heat, leading to a warming effect on Earth’s surface and contributing to climate change.
Why do cells go through mitosis?
Cells go through mitosis for growth, development, and repair of tissues and damaged cells, ensuring the body functions properly.
What is semiconservative replication?
Semiconservative replication is the mechanism by which DNA is replicated, where the original double-stranded DNA molecule separates into two single strands, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.
What are sister chromatids?
Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome, joined together by a centromere.
What are duplicated and unduplicated chromosomes?
Duplicated chromosomes have two sister chromatids, while unduplicated chromosomes consist of a single chromatid.
What are 1-chromatid and 2-chromatid chromosomes?
1-chromatid chromosomes have one chromatid, while 2-chromatid chromosomes have two sister chromatids.
What are autosomes?
Autosomes are chromosomes that are not involved in determining the sex of an organism.
What are sex chromosomes?
Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism, typically X and Y in humans.
What is the number of chromosomes in humans?
Humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.
What are homologous chromosomes?
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, that are similar in shape and size.
What are alleles?
Alleles are different versions of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome.
What is haploid?
Haploid refers to a cell that has half the number of chromosomes, typically found in gametes.
What is diploid?
Diploid refers to a cell that has two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
What is a karyotype?
A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes.
What are the products of mitosis?
The products of mitosis are two diploid cells, each with duplicated chromosomes.
What are the products of meiosis?
The products of meiosis are four haploid cells, each with unduplicated chromosomes.
What are the phases of mitosis?
The phases of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.
What are the phases of meiosis?
The phases of meiosis include meiosis I (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I) and meiosis II (prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II), followed by cytokinesis.
When are homologous chromosomes separated in meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes are separated during anaphase I of meiosis.
When are sister chromatids separated in mitosis?
Sister chromatids are separated during anaphase of mitosis.
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis results in two identical diploid cells, while meiosis results in four genetically diverse haploid cells.
What are the similarities between mitosis and meiosis?
Both processes involve cell division and DNA replication during interphase.
What is crossing over?
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
What is random alignment?
Random alignment refers to the random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I of meiosis.
What is random fertilization?
Random fertilization is the concept that any sperm can fertilize any egg, leading to genetic diversity.
