BIO Flashcards
(27 cards)
Know the steps and sequence of the scientific method
OBSERVATION of the phenomenon,
HYPOTHESIS, possible explanation of observed phenomenon, make a specific PREDICTION
on your hypothesis, EXPERIMENT, CONCLUDE; reject or support hypothesis
Identify hypotheses and predictions
a hypothesis is a possible explanation for something observed, while a PREDICTION is more specific and can demonstrate that your hypothesis is supported or rejected
Requirements for a proper scientific hypothesis:
testable and falsifiable
Dependent and independent variable:
dependent- variable that is measured
Independent- variable that the experimenter changes to test effect of the dependent
what is a scientific theory
Explanation for a set of related observations that is based on Well supported hypotheses from several lines of research
Designing a good experiment, what to consider:
CONTROL GROUP, RADOM ASSIGNMENT
SUFFICIENTLY LARGE SAMPLE SIZE,
3 types of graphs and on which axis is the independent and dependent variable?
Bar, line, Scatter. X-axis is the independent variable, y is the dependent
What can statistics tell us? What is it calculating?Sample size/sample
Statistical test calculates the likelihood(given the sample size and variation within samples),
that a measured difference between samples is real
What is the p-value and what does it mean?
difference is due to chance, less than .05 means it is significant
What is a sampling error?
Effect of chance on experimental results
How can statistics help with hypothesis testing?
Statistical test tests if H0 is rejected or supported and thus only indirectly supports The Alternative Hypothesis
Null and alternative hypothesis what are they and identify each;
NULL IS SUPPORTED,
ALTERNATIVE IS NOT
Correlations: what are they? Cause-and-effect?
Relationship between two variables
Scientific information: primary/secondary literature and anecdotal evidence: what are they and how reliable are they?
PRIMARY: written by researchers themselves and reviewed by Other scientists; SECONDARY: source that presents scientific findings in their own words; ANECDOTAL: individual’s experience
Features of life
composed of cells, contain common set of biological molecules, Growth, movement, reproduction, respond to environmental stimulation, metabolism, Homeostasis, populations can evolve
4 Major groups of organic molecules, and know examples for each group;
carbohydrates, Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Enzymes: function, identification of enzymes:
accelerate otherwise slow chemical reactions
, they are known because of -ase
Know what the primary structure of proteins are:
sequence of amino acids is the primary structure
Cell theory:
Every form of life either is a cell or is composed of cells and every cell comes From a cell
Plasma membrane: what is it made of?
Outer boundary of cells, proteins float in matrix.
Diffusion/osmosis (understand and be able to apply these concepts)
DIFFUSION: movement of Substances other than water from high to low concentration. OSMOSIS: water movement from lower
Solute concentration to higher solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
understand the terms hypo, hyper, and isotonic
Hypo- concentration of solute lower than that in cell/
hyper-Concentration of solute is higher /isotonic- SAME CONCENTRATION
Differences between animal and plant cells, prokaryote and eukaryote;
plant have NO CENTRIOLES, LARGE VACUOLE, CELL WALL, CHLOROPLASTS.
Prokaryote, NO NUCLEUS AND NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
Eukaryote, HAVE NUCLEUS AND MEMBRANE
What are the micro- and macro nutrients groups?
micro small
macro big amounts