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Biology > Macromolecules & Enzymes > Flashcards

Macromolecules & Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids

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2
Q

What is a monomer?

A

The “building block” of a macromolecule

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3
Q

What is the monomer(s) for carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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4
Q

What is the function(s) of carbohydrates?

A

Providing energy & structure

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5
Q

What elements are in carbohydrates?

A

CHO (Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen)

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6
Q

What is the monomer(s) for lipids?

A

Fatty acids & glycogen

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7
Q

What is the function(s) of lipids?

A

Energy storage & insulation

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8
Q

What elements are in lipids?

A

CHO (Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen)

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9
Q

What is the monomer for protein(s)?

A

Amino acids

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10
Q

What is the function(s) of proteins

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Hormones
  3. Transport
  4. Antibodies
  5. Structural
  6. Carrier
  7. Last resort energy
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11
Q

What elements are in proteins?

A

CHON (Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)

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12
Q

What is the monomer(s) for nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

What elements are in nucleic acids?

A

CHONP (Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous)

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14
Q

What is the function(s) of nucleic acid?

A

Makes up DNA & RNA which codes for our traits & proteins

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15
Q

What are the two other key components of chemical reactions in our body?

A

Vitamins & minerals

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16
Q

What is the function(s) of vitamins?

A

Helps enzymes function

17
Q

What is the function(s) of minerals?

A

Make up essential components of hemoglobin, hormones, enzymes & vitamins

18
Q

What type of compounds are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds (carbon based)

19
Q

What types of compounds are minerals?

A

Inorganic compounds

20
Q

How do animal lipids work?

A

Animal lipids have saturated fatty acids, and no double bonds (solid like butter)

21
Q

How do plant lipids work?

A

Plant lipids have unsaturated with many double bonds (liquid like olive oil)

22
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

23
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

A substrate attaches to an active site in order to increase reaction rates by reducing the amount of energy required to start a reaction

24
Q

How many times can enzymes be reused?

A

They are free to be reused until all of the substrate is gone

25
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substrate (lock) is the part of the enzyme that binds to the active site (key) by having a specific shape that fits perfectly with the active site

26
Q

What is an active site?

A

A region of active protein in the enzyme that needs a substrate to combine with it in order to increase the reaction rate of a chemical reaction

27
Q

What factors affect enzymes?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH
  3. Competitive inhibitors
  4. Non-competitive inhibitors
  5. Co-factors
  6. Co-enzymes
28
Q

How does temperature affect enzymes?

A

Temperature can cause an enzyme to be denatured (temporary change in shape) or coagulated (permanent change in shape) These things are negative to the enzyme and cause it to be shriveled with less activity in the site

29
Q

How does pH affect enzymes?

A

pH levels can either be too basic or too acidic for a specific enzymes functionality

29
Q

How do competitive inhibitors affect enzymes?

A

Competitive inhibitors keep the enzyme from working by blocking the active site

30
Q

How do non-competitive inhibitors affect enzymes?

A

These change the shape of the enzyme, and as a result the enzyme no longer fits in the substrate (lock)

31
Q

How do co-factors affect enzymes?

A

These are inorganic ions that help an enzyme combine with a substrate

32
Q

How do co-enzymes affect enzymes?

A

These are organic molecules that also help enzymes combine with a substrate

33
Q

What is negative feedback in the regulation of enzyme activity called?

A

Allosteric. This means that it gives negative feedback to the stimulus

34
Q

What is positive feedback in the regulation of enzyme activity called?

A

Precursor. This starts a process and enhances the original stimulus, giving positive feedback

35
Q

What test is used to indicate the prescense of a simple carbohydrate/

A

Benedict

36
Q

What test is used to indicate the presence of a complex carbohydrate?

A

Iodine

37
Q

What test is used to indicate the presence of protein?

A

Biruet

38
Q

What tests are used to indicate the presence of lipids?

A

Sudan IV & the translucency test

Biology (2 decks)

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