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Biology 11 2020 > Bio Prep 3 > Flashcards

Bio Prep 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of how an adaptation can increase an organism’s chances of survival and successful reproduction.

A
  • polar bears are an example of successful reproduction
  • originally brown
  • adapted to white
  • survival in the arctic
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2
Q

Discuss how heritable mutations provide new alleles to a species and how these new alleles are the starting point for genetic variation in species.

A
  • mutation change organism’s DNA
  • species evolve because of the accumulation of mutations over time
  • mutation introduces new allele
  • increases genetic variation
    passed on through generations
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3
Q

Explain the difference between mutations (and the resulting phenotypic variations), that have a positive, neutral, or negative effect on an organism.

A

positive
beneficial mutation
essential for evolution to occur
lead to new versions of proteins that help adapt to changes in their environment

negative
have no benefit
gene product acts antagonistically to the wild type

neutral
have no effect on

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4
Q

Explain how a positive mutation creates a variation that accumulates in populations. Describe why these traits are adaptations.

A
  • help adapt to changing environment
  • evolution occurs
  • they are adaptations because they allow organisms to stay in their environment
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5
Q

Explain how species with very fast reproductive rates, such as bacteria, can become adapted to changes in their environment quickly. Use a population of bacteria that are exposed to antibiotics as an example of how “selective advantage” works.

A
  • bacteria has selective advantage
  • allows them to survive
    reproduction happens
  • colony grows
  • fast reproduction allows selection to happen faster still over may generations
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6
Q

Explain how selective pressure applied by the environment results in natural selection within a population of organisms. Give an example of how natural selection can act to change a population.

A
  • selective pressure moths turning darker
  • SP will cause organisms to have a selective
  • advantage against others
    natural selection moths black and white
  • reverse when pollution got less
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7
Q

Describe how individuals that have a selective advantage within a population are better suited to surviving in that environment.

A

not adapting are easier prey

reduced biological fitness

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8
Q

Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is often simplified to imply “survival of the fittest”. What is meant by fitness as it relates to evolution?

A

refers to biological fitness

means ability to survive to reproductive age, produce offspring

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9
Q

Give examples of how selective breeding and artificial selection have been practised by humans in order to improve or modify particular desirable traits in plants and animals.

A
  • artificial selection
  • humans select desirable traits for agricultural uses
  • Example: Cows. the ones that produce the most milk are the ones most likely of reproduction
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10
Q

Discuss the differences and similarities between artificial selection and natural selection.

A

Natural selection
process through which organisms adapt and change
individuals in populations vary
variations have traits better suited for environment

Artificial selection
selective breeding
humans select desirable trait s for agricultural products

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11
Q

Agricultural crops are selectively bred for different characteristics, such as being drought-resistant or pest-resistant. Selective breeding comes at the expense of decreased variation. What is the danger to our society due to decreased variation?\

A
  • population cannot evolve -> higher risk of extinction
  • example: population is exposed to new disease, selection will act on genes for resistance to disease if they exist in the population
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12
Q

Describe the difference between the use of the word theory in science and its use in everyday colloquial language.

A

theory with explanation

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13
Q

Darwin’s theory of natural selection describes a mechanism for how new species arise from ancestral species in response to local environments. Using an example, discuss how natural selection operates.
Peppered Moths:

A 
industrialization results in pollution
affect environment turing surfaces dark 
white/ black moths 
natural selection occurs 
reverse when pollution got less
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14
Q

The theory of evolution depends upon the interplay of variation, selection, inheritance, and time. Use these 4 ideas to explain how life on Earth has changed and is still changing.

A

Variation
Difference in DNA among individuals
Difference between populations

Inheritance
Process by which genetic information is passed from parent to child

Selection
Preferential survival and reproduction or (unfit genotypes are unlikely to pass on genetic information) elimination of individuals with certain genotypes

Time
Time of biological processes

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15
Q

How does the fossil record contribute to our understanding of evolution? How do transitional fossils help fill in the gaps in the fossil record?

A

snapshots in time

how organisms have moved from sea to land

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16
Q

Discuss the difference between homologous structures and analogous structures (coevolution) and vestigial structures.

A

homologous structure
organs or skeleton of animals suggests because of
anatomical structures in evolutionary- related animals
similar function

vestigial structures
lost most of original function
anatomical structures reduced size
no important function

analogous structure
features that have different structures but similar functions

17
Q

Describe how each of the following provides evidence for evolution.

A

fossil record
show how life was different from how it is today
how animals developed from sea to land

biogeography
geographic distribution of organisms on earth
how and ro where they moved over geological time

anatomy
compare and contrast types of anatomical features
structures show how organisms are related

embryology
homologous structure can be seen in embryo development

relationships in DNA
DNA hybridization
hybridizise information from two different organisms to determine similarities
track back to original ancestors

18
Q

Briefly explain the concept of “gene flow” between populations.

A

transfer of genetic material from one population to another

19
Q

Describe how each of the following mechanisms alter gene frequencies in a population: mutations, non-random mating, genetic drift, and natural selection.

A

mutations
change dna sequence, introducing

non-random mating
alter genotype frequencies
keeps population from hardy weinberg equilibrium
allele frequencies are staying the same

genetic drift
loss of rear alleles
decrease in gene pool size
new population to be genetically distinct from original

natural selection
increase frequency of genes
decreases the frequency of genes that decrease fitness

20
Q

Define evolution in terms of alleles in populations.

A
  • evolution is defined as a change in alleles in population

- any allele change in alleles would constitute evolution in the population

21
Q

Explain how gene flow due to migration can increase or decrease the genetic diversity of a population.

A
  • gene flow can increase the diversity in a population where it adds on to the existing alleles
  • gene flow can decrease the diversity in a population where it takes away from the existing genepool
22
Q

Describe and give examples of how non-random mating increases certain phenotypes (thus alleles) in a population due to sexual selection.

A

it helps the diversity of the offspring

traits which increase biological fitness can be adapted

23
Q

Describe genetic drift and explain why it is more rapid in small populations.

A
  • smaller populations have less variation

lower ability to respond -favorably to changing conditions

24
Q

Identify instances of genetic drift including the founder effect and the bottleneck effect.

A

founder effect

small group population splinters from original population

bottleneck effect

severely reduced population
natural events
small random group of survivors

25
Q

Give examples of how natural selection produces adaptive changes within populations.

A

finches evolved in three separate species
adapting to different selective pressures
Modern finch species have beaks adapted to its life history and diet.

26
Q

Distinguish between stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection. Where possible give examples.

A 
stabilizing selection 
settles on non extreme trait
number of birth weight 
directional selection
favours one extreme trait over another
beak size of finches 
either small or big 
disruptive selection
favours extremes over the average 
light colored moths camouflage on light dark on dark 
medium color would appear on both
27
Q

In general terms, explain the difference between microevolution and macroevolution.

A 
microevolution 
change in allele frequencies that occur over time 
mutation
selection
geneflow 
genetic drift

macroevolution
evolution of groups larger than individual species ( biggest trends in evolution
origin of mammals
radiation of flowering plants

28
Q

Using an explanation and an example, distinguish between each of the following prezygotic isolating mechanisms; behavioural, habitat, temporal, mechanical, and gametic barriers.

A

Behavioural
the way an organism acts makes it desirable for another
different songs that others do not respond
habitat
habitat that don’t overlap prevents mating because used to different things
finches from different areas like cactus and woods
temporal
females of species are fertile males are not able to reproduce at that time
american toad (early summer) and fowler’s toad( late summer)
mechanical
depending on the physis
ducks
gametic barriers
egg and sperm come into contact but no fertilization takes place.

mate but nothing happens

29
Q

Explain the difference between sympatric speciation and allopatric speciation with respect to how “genetic divergence” has occurred. In other words, what is the main mechanism that drives these two types of speciation.

A 
sympatric speciation 
two groups of same species 
same geographic location 
evolve differently 
can't interbreed 
considered different species

allopatric specisation
two groups of same species
isolated due geographic changes
evolve into different species

Biology 11 2020 (2 decks)

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