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School > Bio-Phys 10.1-10.4, 11.4 > Flashcards

Bio-Phys 10.1-10.4, 11.4 Flashcards

0
Q

How does getting too big affect the cells ability to bring in needed supplies across the cell membrane?

A

It affects the cells ability because the surface area is were supplied pass-through and the ratio of surface area to volume decreases. The cell gets too busy

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1
Q

How does getting too big affect the cells ability to use its DNA efficiently?

A

It doesn’t have enough to meet the needs of the entire cell

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2
Q

How does getting too big affect the cells ability to dump waste out of the cell membrane?

A

The same reason it’s hard to get stuff in. It’s less efficient because the ratio of surface area to volume decreases.

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3
Q

If a cell doubles in size, what happens to it’s ratio of surface area to volume?

A

It decreases

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4
Q

What happens if the cell gets too big?

A

It divides forming two daughter cells, in a process called cell division.

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5
Q

Describe how cell division solves the problem of cell growth?

A

The cell divides forming two daughter cells with replicated, identical DNA. Each daughter cell has an increased ratio of surface area to volume, which allows for efficient exchange of materials

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6
Q

Cell cycle

A

Four phases in the cell cycle. First three phases are part of interphase. The G1 phase, S-phase, G2 phase. Last phase is the M phase, or mitosis.

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7
Q

G1 phase

A

Cells do most of their growing, increase in size.

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8
Q

S-phase

A

After the G1 phase. Chromosomes are replicated and synthesis of DNA molecules occur

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9
Q

G2 phase.

A

Followed buddy S-phase. Shortest the phases during interphase. Many of the organelles required for cell division are produced

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10
Q

Prophase

A

First step of mitosis. DNA becomes visible. Becomes clumped up and clumpy. Four steps in prophase. 1.copied chromosome coil up to form sister chromatids. 2.Nucleolus and nucleus disappear. 3.centrioles form and move to opposite ends of the cell. 4.spindle fibers form and attached to centromere (middle of sister chromatid)

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11
Q

Metaphase

A

Second step in mitosis. Spindle fibers get the sister chromatids to line up down the middle of the cell, looks like spiders crawling in a line

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12
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids come apart. Spindle fibers contract at the same time an enzyme dissolves the centromere

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13
Q

Telophase

A

Nucleus and Nucleolus reappear. DNA unwinds(in both cells). Organelles move to the two cells. As soon as the splitting starts, telophase is over

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14
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The splitting of the cell into two identical cells.

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15
Q

Centromeres

A

Usually located near the middle of the chromatids although some line near the end.

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16
Q

Mitosis

A

The first stage, division of the cell nucleus

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17
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The second stage, division of the cytoplasm.

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18
Q

Chromatid

A

Identical chromatids make up chromosomes

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19
Q

Interphase

A

And in between period Of growth called Interphase

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20
Q

Cell cycle

A

A series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

21
Q

Factors that control the cell starting of mitosis or not

A

If cells are touching on all sides there is no mitosis but if a cell is missing it goes into mitosis

22
Q

Cyclin

A

Regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.

23
Q

Cancer

A

A disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the ability to control growth, is one such example

24
Q

How cancer cells are different from regular cells

A

They don’t respond to signals that regulate growth

25
Q

Ways to prevent cancer

A

Eat healthy foods, stay active, don’t smoke, avoid radiation.

26
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Two sets of chromosomes ie. fruit fly has 8, 4 from make parent 4 from female parent

27
Q

Haploid cell

A

One the single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes.

28
Q

Diploid cell

A

Containing both sets of homologous chromosomes. Two sets.

29
Q

Tetrad

A

One chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a structure it’s called a tetrad. There are four chromatids in the tetrad

30
Q

Prophase one

A

Most important step out of miosos. Crossing over is absolutely key to the dominance of sexually reproducing organisms over critters that done.

31
Q

Metaphase one

A

Spindle fibers lineup the tetrads at the middle of the cell, centromere’s don’t dissolve this time

32
Q

Anaphase one

A

The tetradS separate, but NOT the sister chromatids. Introduces more genetic variation

33
Q

Telophase one

A

one cell splits. Now you have two cells with sister chromatids in the middle instead of the DNA

34
Q

Prophase two

A

Spindles form, chromosomes coil up again.

35
Q

Metaphase two

A

The sister chromatids lineup along the center of each cell, the spindle fibers attached to the centromere’s.

36
Q

Anaphase two

A

Centromere’s dissolve, sister chromatids pull apart.

37
Q

Telophase two

A

Cells splits. You now have four haploid cells that are genetically unique.

38
Q

Crossing over

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads in meiosis one exchange portions of their chromatids and process called crossing over

39
Q

Why is crossing over important

A

Because we need genetic variability

40
Q

What is the difference between sister chromatids and tetrads?

A

Sister chromatids occur in mitosis and tetrad occur in meiosis and tetrads cross together, exchanging portions of their chromatids.

41
Q

How many cells are produced by meiosis?

A

4

42
Q

How does this all go from being a diploid to haploid

A

Meiosis

43
Q

What are the two stages of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

44
Q

Why does a cell copy it’s genetic information before it splits?

A

So each daughter has the genetic info needed

45
Q

Without spindles what would happen to the replicated DNA in the cell

A

It would stay condensed and would not replicate????

46
Q

What would happen if the cell never split?

A

The genetic information needed would not be passed on.

47
Q

What is the difference between animals cells and plant cells when cytokinesis occurs?

A

In plant cells structure known as the cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei and in animal cells the cell name membrane draws inward until the cytoplasm is pinched

48
Q

The difference between an internal regulator and external regulator

A

Iregular has proteins that respond to the events within the cell whereas external regulators have proteins that respond to events outside the cell

49
Q

What does a tumor do

A

Damages surrounding tissue

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