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Exam chapters > Bio paper 2 only (book 1 - 10,11,12,13,14,15) > Flashcards

Bio paper 2 only (book 1 - 10,11,12,13,14,15) Flashcards

1
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Infectious diseases - caused by a pathogen being transmitted from on host organism to the next

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2
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Non-infectious diseases - NOT caused by a pathogen e.g. inherited/degenerative

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3
Q

Why might organisms live on us or in us?

A

They depend of us as a source of food/warmth/a habitat

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4
Q

What are obligate parasites?

A

They cannot exist as free-living organisms

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5
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism that lives on/inside another organism (the host) - they gain energy from the host

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6
Q

Pathogen?

A

A disease-causing organism - mostly microorganisms

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7
Q

Disease transmission?

A

The transfer of a pathogen from an infected host to an un-infected host

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8
Q

What are the four microorganism groups?

A

Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Protoctists

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9
Q

What type of organism are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

A virus with single stranded RNA (as its genetic material) instead of DNA - when it enters a cell some use their enzyme (reverse transcriptase) to make DNA

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11
Q

What type and name of pathogen causes Tuberculosis?

A

Bacterium - Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ M. bovis

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12
Q

What method of transmission does tuberculosis undergo?

A

Direct - in droplets through the air

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13
Q

What type and name of pathogen causes Bacterial meningitis?

A

Bacteria - Neisseria meningitidis/ Haemoophilus influenzae

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14
Q

What type of transmission does Bacterial meningitis undergo?

A

Direct - in droplets in the air and exchange of fluids

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15
Q

What type and name of pathogen causes HIV/AIDS?

A

Virus - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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16
Q

What type of transmission does HIV/AIDS undergo?

A

Direct - contact between body fluids or between mother and child through breast milk

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17
Q

What type of pathogen and how many cause Influenza?

A

Three types of virus

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18
Q

What type of transmission does Influenza undergo?

A

Direct - in droplets through the air

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19
Q

What type and name of pathogen causes Malaria?

A

Protoctist - Plasmodium falciparum/ P. (ovale/malariae/vivax)

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20
Q

What transmission does malaria undergo?

A

Indirect - by female Anopheles mosquito

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21
Q

What type and name of pathogen causes Cattle ringworm?

A

Fungus - Trichophyton verrucosum

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22
Q

What type of transmission does cattle ringworm undergo?

A

Direct - contact with infected cattle

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23
Q

What type and name of pathogen causes athlete’s foot?

A

Fungus - Epidermophyton floccosum/Trichophyton rubric

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24
Q

What type of transmission does athlete’s foot undergo?

A

Direct - contact with towels used by infected people

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25
What type and name of pathogen causes ring rot in plants?
Bacterium - Clavibacter michiganensis
26
What plants are ring rot caused in?
Potato, tomato
27
What type of transmission does ring rot undergo?
Direct - contact with infected tubers/cultivation spread the disease as bacteria remain on machinery
28
What type and name of pathogen causes mosaic?
Virus - Tobacco mosaic virus
29
What plants are mosaic caused in?
Tobacco plants
30
What type of transmission does mosaic undergo?
Direct - contact with leaves of infected | Indirect - via aphids as vectors
31
What type and name of pathogen causes Black Sigatoka?
Fungus - Mycosphaerella fijiensis
32
What plant does Black Sigatoka occur in?
Bananas
33
What type of transmission does Black Sigatoka undergo?
Direct - spores are dispersed through the air
34
What type and name of pathogen causes Late Blight?
Protoctist - Phytophthora infestans
35
What plant does Late blight occur in?
Potato, tomato
36
What is a spore?
A small reproductive structure - they get released into the air or water and grow once they've reached a desired food source
37
What is a vector?
An organism that transfers a pathogen from an infected host to an uninfected host - usually goes unharmed by the pathogen
38
What is an endemic disease?
Diseases which are always present in a population
39
What is an epidemic of a disease?
When there is an increase of the number of cases of a disease (within a population)
40
Physical passive defences?
Waxy cuticle, bark, cellulose cell walls, Casparian strip, closing stomata
41
Chemical passive defences?
Secretion of compounds toxic to pathogens/of inhibitors of enzymes, receptor molecules
42
Hypersensitivity?
The drastic active defence method of plants where all surrounding tissues - near site of infection - die
43
What is callose?
A polysaccharide made by plant cells in defence against attack by pests/pathogens (to block sieve pores)
44
First line of defence definition and example?
Physical and chemical defences that prevent the entry of pathogens E.g. skin/mucous membrane
45
Expulsive reflex?
Coughing/sneezing - expelling irritants (which might include pathogens)
46
Second line of defence?
Phagocytic cells and antimicrobial proteins that act against any type of invading microorganism (which has breached the first line of defence)
47
Non-specific defences?
Present from birth - cannot distinguish between different types of pathogens - are efficient but not very effective
48
Describe blood clotting?
When there is a break in the skin/mucous, platelets and cells (lining the blood vessels) release compounds which cause a cascade of chemical reactions (involving many plasma proteins)
49
Purpose of blood clotting?
Stops blood loss/prevents entry of pathogens/provides protective surface for wound healing to occur underneath
50
Inflammation?
A local response to tissue damage/infection - involves release of chemical signalling molecules and results in increased blood flow and movement of phagocytes into tissue
51
Cytokines?
Small protein molecules that act as cell signalling compounds - many involved in stimulation of events which occur as a response to infection
52
What is histamine?
A cell signalling compound which stimulates responses due to tissue damage E.g. increase blood flow (vasodilation)/capillaries become leaky/phagocytes leave blood and enter tissue
53
Mast cell?
Tissue cell of immune system - releases histamine
54
What does histamine specifically stimulate?
Cells to secrete cytokines
55
What are two cytokines that promote inflammation?
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)
56
What are the 6 stages of wound repairs?
Formation of new blood vessels production of collagen formation of granulation tissue - fills wound formation of epithelial cells (by stem cell division) wound contraction by contractile cells death of bad cells
57
Phagocytes?
Cells that carry out phagocytosis to engulf pathogens/foreign material
58
Neutrophil?
Short-lived phagocytic cell (made from bone marrow) - lobed nuclei and granular cytoplasm
59
What do neutrophils do?
Circulate in blood and spread to infected tissue quickly - try to destroy the pathogens (once engulfed bacteria, they die)
60
What is a monocyte?
A temporary phagocytic cell - bigger than neutrophil and leaves blood to enter tissue in macrophage form
61
What is a macrophage?
The form a monocyte takes in order to enter tissue. Large and long-lived phagocytic cell
62
What do macrophages do?
They process and present antigens to lymphocytes - some migrate and some stay in that tissue
63
Dendritic cell?
A large phagocytic cell with extensions that give a large surface area (to interact with pathogens and lymphocytes)
64
What do dendritic cells do?
Ingest some foreign material, then migrate and take foreign material to lymph nodes
65
Third line of defence/specific defence system?
A response to invading pathogens - lymphocytes and antibodies act against specific pathogens
66
Immune response?
The specific sequence of events (caused by the immune system) which occurs in response to a foreign antigen
67
Lymphocytes?
Small WBC's which are active in tissues (but travel in blood) as opposed to being active in the blood
68
B lymphocyte?
Type of WBC, matures in bone marrow - when they respond they become plasma cells
69
T lymphocyte?
Type of WBC, matures in thymus gland, when responds to immune response they don't make or release antibodies
70
An antigen is ?
Any substance which stimulates an immune response
71
An antibody is ?
Molecules made as part of an immune response by plasma cells (which differentiate from B lymphocytes)
72
(A) Clone/(s)?
A group of genetically identical cells
73
Plasma cell?
An activated B cell that makes and releases antibodies during an immune response
74
T helper cells?
T cell that coordinates an immune response by stimulating responses of B cells and T killer cells - through production of chemical signals ( e.g. interleukins)
75
Clonal selection is ?
The process (during immune responses) when specific clones of B/T cells interact with the antigens displayed by antigen presenting cells
76
Antigen presentation is ?
The process of antigen presenting cells (in the lymph nodes), engulfing pathogens by endocytosis and then cutting them up - these macrophages process the pathogens antigens and put them in a protein form (in their own membrane)
77
T killer cell?
T cell which kills infected host cells
78
T regulator cell?
Type of T cell that stops immune responses and prevents T cells attacking the body's own cell/tissue
79
How do memory cells form?
During clonal expansion, B and T cells form memory cells - these cells remain in the body, waiting for the same antigen that they formed from responding to
80
Where are the antigen binding sites?
In the shaped gap at the top of both the light chains
81
What shape is an antigen?
Y
82
Where is the receptor binding site on an antigen?
At the bottom of the heavy chains
83
Where is the hinge region on an antigen?
At the point where the two light chains meet in a V
84
Where is the disulphide bond in an antigen?
Below the hinge region
85
Which part of an antigen is the constant or variable region?
The upper half of the light chain is variable | The lower half of the light chain + the entire heavy chain is the constant region
86
What is an antigen made up of?
2 heavy polypeptide chains and two/four light polypeptide chains
87
Natural active immunity?
Occurs when you are infected naturally
88
Artificial active immunity?
The result of being given a vaccine that contains one or more antigens
89
Natural passive immunity?
Occurs when antibodies cross the placenta during pregnancy/ when a child breast feeds
90
Artificial passive immunity?
Occurs when antibodies are injected into a person to give instant immunity

Exam chapters (5 decks)

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