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Bio MT1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is adhesion

A

The clinging of one substance to another

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2
Q

Why is water able to absorb or releases large amts of heat with only slight change in its own temp

A

H2Os high specific heat

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3
Q

In isomers, why is structure important

A

Structure = function

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4
Q

Enatiomers

A

Mirror image isomers

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5
Q

Cis-trans isomers

A

Cis isomer: the two molecules are on the same side
Trans isomer: the two molecules are on opposite sides

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6
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

—OH, alcohols, polar, can form H-bonds

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7
Q

Carbonyl group

A

C=O, found in sugars

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8
Q

Carboxyl group

A

OH-C=O, acidic properties

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9
Q

Amino group

A

-NH2, acts as a base; picks up an extra H+

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10
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

-SH

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11
Q

Phosphate group

A

OPO3

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12
Q

Methyl

A

-CH3

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13
Q

What synthesizes a polymer

A

Dehydration reaction— H2O formed from short polymer and unlinked monomer

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaks down a polymer— adds water molecule

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15
Q

Enzymatic proteins function

A

Selective accelerations of chemical reactions

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16
Q

Defensive proteins

A

Protection against disease

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17
Q

Storage proteins

A

Store amino acids, ex) antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria

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18
Q

Transport proteins

A

Transport of substances ex) hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrae blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes

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19
Q

Hormonal proteins

A

Coordination of an organism’s activities
Ex) insulin

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20
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

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21
Q

Contractile and motor protins

A

Movement
Ex) motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella; actin and myosin proteins are responsible for the contraction of muscles

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22
Q

Structural proteins

A

Support
Ex) karat in, collagen, and elastin

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23
Q

Building blocks of proteins— monomers

A

Amino acids

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24
Q

Why are the 9 essential amino acids essential?

A

You have to ingest them— our bodies can’t make them

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25
Q

Polypeptide

A

Polymer constructed from amino acids— just a chain— not folded yet

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26
Q

What is at the N-terminus of an amino acid

A

Amino group— NH3

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27
Q

What is at the C-terminus of an amino acid

A

Carboxyl group

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28
Q

What are amino acids joined by

A

Peptide bond

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29
Q

What is the number of molecules needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer

A

N-1

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30
Q

What is at the beginning of an amino acid chain

A

N-terminus

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31
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Chain of amino acidsq

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32
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Hydrogen bonds between amino and carbonyl groups in backbone— alpha helix and beta sheet

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33
Q

Tertiary structure of a protein

A

Interactions between R groups

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34
Q

Quaternary structure of a protein

A

Aggregation of multiple polypeptides

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35
Q

What are DNA and RNA monomers called

A

Nucleotides

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36
Q

Nucleotide 3 parts

A

Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group

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37
Q

What is the phosphate group in RNA

A

Ribose

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38
Q
A
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39
Q

What is the phosphate group in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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40
Q

In the 5- carbon sugar, where is the phosphate group bonded and where the nitrogenous base bonded

A

Phosphate: 5’ carbon
Nitrogenous: 1’ carbon
In the middle is an oxygen

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41
Q

What forms the phosphodestier linkages between sugar and phosphate components of backbone

A

Condensation rxns

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42
Q

Where is energy supplied for nucleotide polymerization

A

Activated nucleotides: (NTPs and dNTPs)

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43
Q

Chargaffs rules

A

Amt of A=T and C=G

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44
Q

First person to publish DNA structure (it was wrong)

A

Linus Pauling

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45
Q

Who published paper on DNA structure

A

Watson and Crick

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46
Q

Who took photo of helix DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin

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47
Q

Who showed Watson and Crick Franklin’s helix photo

A

Maurice Wilkins

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48
Q

What are opposite DNA strands held together by

A

H-bonds

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49
Q

Adenine always pairs with _____ in DNA

A

Thymine

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50
Q

Guanine always pairs with ______in DNA

A

Cytosine

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51
Q

Difference between ribose and DNA

A

Has an extra OH, makes it more unstable

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52
Q

What does A bond with in RNA

A

U

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53
Q

RNA is usually ______ stranded

A

Single

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54
Q

RNA functions

A

Protein synthesis, gene expression, catalyze rxns, genetic material

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55
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Oligo=few, little
Carbs

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56
Q

Most common monosaccharide

A

Glucose

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57
Q

Simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides

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58
Q

Most monosaccharides have chemical formulas that are some multiple of what

A

CH2O

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59
Q

Different ways monosaccharides are classified

A

Location of carbonyl group, length of carbon skeleton, arrangement around asymmetric carbons

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60
Q

Disaccharides’ covalent bond

A

Glycosidic linkage

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61
Q

What reaction synthesizes polysaccharides

A

Dehydration rxn

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62
Q

Common disaccharides

A

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

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63
Q

2 general purposes for polysaccharides

A

Storage and structure

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64
Q

Storage polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen

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65
Q

Structural polysaccharides

A

Chitin, peptidoglycan, cellulose

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66
Q

What forms the cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans

A

Chitin (is a carb)

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67
Q

What makes up the cell wall of bacteria and contains amino acids

A

Peptidoglycan (is a carb)

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68
Q

What is a component of plant cell walls

A

Cellulose (carb)

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69
Q

Main functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. Provide carbon skeletons for more complex molecules
  2. Structural support
  3. Energy storage (photosynthesis/ Glucose used to make ATP)
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70
Q

What is necessary for cell-cell recognition and how the body recognizes foreign invaders

A

Carbohydrates

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71
Q

How do lipids interact with water

A

Hydrophobic

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72
Q

How are steroids characterized

A

By a carbon skeleton with four fused rings; distinguished by the different chemical groups attached to the rings

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73
Q

What is cholesterol

A

A steroid (a fat)

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74
Q

Cholestrerol

A

Important component of cell membranes, precursor from which other steroids are synthesized such as sex hormones

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75
Q

Cholesterol that clogs arteries

A

LDL

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76
Q

Cholesterol that removes the other cholesterol from bloodstream

A

HDL

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77
Q

Fats are not actually a polymer

A

True

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78
Q

What two smaller molecules are fats constructed from

A

Glycerol and fatty acid

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79
Q

How do fatty acids and glycerols attach

A

Dehydration reaction leads to ester linkage

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80
Q

No double bonds — what kind of fat

A

Saturated fat— saturate with hydrogen

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81
Q

One or more double bonds— what kind of fat

A

Unsaturated fat

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82
Q

What causes bending in an unsaturated fat

A

Cis double bond

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83
Q

Types of fats that are solid at room temp

A

Saturated

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84
Q

Types of fats that are liquid at room temp

A

Unsaturated

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85
Q

Trans fat

A

Unsaturated + hydrogen = straight molecule that is man made— made bc shelf-stable

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86
Q

Phospholipids contain waht

A

Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails (fatty acids)

87
Q

Amphipathic meaning

A

Has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic partsw

88
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of

A

Phospholipids— fatty acids of different lengths and saturation influence membrane permeability

89
Q

Two major types of membrane proteins

A

Integral and peripheral

90
Q

Protein that spans the membrane with segments both inside and outside the cell, needs to be both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

Integral (transmembrane)

91
Q

Protein that is loosely bound to the surface of membrane

A

Peripheral — often interact with exposed surface of integral proteins

92
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A
  1. Transport
  2. Enzymatic activity
  3. Signal transduction
  4. Cell-cell regocnition
  5. Intercellular joining
  6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
93
Q

What can easily make it through the selectively permeable membrane

A

Small non polar molecules

94
Q

What molecules are impeded by the hydrophobic interior o the membrane

A

Ions and polar molecules

95
Q

Movemembnt across the membrane that requires no energy

A

Facilitated diffusion: passive transport

96
Q

Active transport

A

Requires energy to move molecules

97
Q

Passive transport includes movement of any molecule _______ its concentration gradient

A

Down

98
Q

Diffusion is a type of

A

Passive transport

99
Q

Diffusion is spontaneous

A

True

100
Q

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

101
Q

Isotonic

A

Environment same as the cell

102
Q

Hypertonic

A

More solutes in the environment

103
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less solutes in the environment

104
Q

What helps the diffusion of polar molecules and ions

A

Transport proteins

105
Q

What do channel proteins do

A

Provide doorway through membrane

106
Q

What do carrier proteins do

A

Change shape to shuttle the molecule across the membrane

107
Q

Ion pumps

A

Used in active transport: need energy: crucial for maintaining the electrochemical gradients and membrane potential for nerve impulses

108
Q

Secondary active transport (cotransport)

A

Uses the concentration gradient created by an ATP-powered pump to power the transport of a molecule against its own concentration gradient

109
Q

What types of organisms are prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archaea

110
Q

Prokaryotes have:

A

NO defined nucleus (nucleoid)
DO have ribosomes, plasma membrane, organelles

111
Q

What control entry and exit from the nuclear membrane

A

Nuclear pores

112
Q

What maintains the shape fo the nucleus

A

Nuclear lamina

113
Q

What does the nucleolus do

A

Synthesis of rRNA and assembly of ribosome subunits

114
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

Carry out protein synthesis

115
Q

What are ribosomes made of

A

RNA and proteins

116
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Make proteins which will function in the cytosol

117
Q

Bound ribosomes

A

Make proteins which will be inserted into membranes or secreted

118
Q

Cells with high rates of protein synthesis have a lot of what

A

Ribosomes

119
Q

Ribosomes are not surrounded by membranes so they are technically not what

A

Organelles

120
Q

What are in the endomembrane system

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles

121
Q

Where are bound ribosomes bound to

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

122
Q

What functions does the endomembrane system carry out

A

Protein synthesis, transport, metabolism, synthesis of lipids, detox of poisons

123
Q

Why is the smooth ER smooth

A

Lacks ribosomes

124
Q

What is the ER continuous with

A

Plasma membrane

125
Q

What are the functions of the smooth ER

A

Lipid processing, storage of calcium ions, detox of drugs and poisons

126
Q

rough ER functions

A

Proteins destined for secretion, shipped to other organelles or embedded in the membrane

127
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do

A

Modifies, stores, and ships proteins

128
Q

Receiving side of golgi apparatus

A

Cis face

129
Q

Shipping side of Golgi apparatus

A

Trans face

130
Q

Organelle that is stacks of membranous sacs and not physically connected

A

Golgi apparatus

131
Q

What are Golgi apparatus products transported by

A

Vesicles

132
Q

Membranous sac of enzymes that digest macromolecules

A

Lysosomes

133
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfing solid particles and breaking them down

134
Q

Autophagy

A

Recycles the cell’s own organic material, done by lysosomes

135
Q

Lysosomes’ enzymes function best under ______ condition

A

Acidic

136
Q

What do vacuoles do

A

Storage: reserves of important organic compounds, poisonous compounds, pigments
+ central vacuole in plants

137
Q

what does the central vacuole in plants do

A

Stores inorganic ions
Allows cells to grow large without increasing cytoplasm
Help plant remain rigid

138
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Centers for redox rxns, often produce h2o2, breakdown fatty acids, detoxify alcohol and other toxic cmpds

139
Q

Most likely pathway that will be taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by the cell

A

Rough ER -> Golgi -> vesicles that will fuse with the plasma membrane

140
Q

Mitochondria is found in what type of cell

A

Eukaryotic cell

141
Q

Mitochondria membrane

A

Double membrane: smooth outer membrane and inner membrane has lots of folding, which increases SA

142
Q

Mitochondria contain their own what

A

DNA and ribosomes

143
Q

Site of cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

144
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Double membrane, contain their own DNA and ribosomes, contain chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis

145
Q

Nuclear transport

A

Highly regulated, proteins destined for the nucleus have specific amino acid sequence (nuclear localization sequence or nuclear export sequence)

146
Q

ALL protein synthesis starts on ____ ribosomes

A

Free

147
Q

Proteins meant for endomembrane system or secretion are marked by a what

A

Signal peptide

148
Q

What escorts the ribosome to the ER membrane

A

Signal recognition particle

149
Q

Growing polypeptide snakes across membrane into ER what

A

Lumen

150
Q

Proteins are secreted through what

A

Exocytosis (bulk transport)

151
Q

Large molecules are brought into the cell through

A

Endocytosis

152
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking (liquids)

153
Q

Large molecules that are brought into the cell are digested by what

A

Lysosomes— the building blocks are recycled

154
Q

3 main cytoskeleton fibers

A

Microtubules, microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments

155
Q

Microfilaments — function

A

Functions:
Maintenance of cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division (cleavage furrow formation)

156
Q

Intermediate filaments - function

A

Functions:
Maintenance of cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles,
Formation of nuclear lamina

157
Q

What do nuclear lamina do

A

Help maintain nucleus shape

158
Q

Smallest cytoskeleton fibers

A

a microfilaments (7nm)

159
Q

What are microtubuoles made of

A

Tubulin

160
Q

Function of microtubules

A

Maintenance of cell shape, cell motility (as in cilia or flagella), chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movement
Think of the little vesicles walking on top of the microtubule

161
Q

What are intermediate filaments made of

A

Made of fibrous proteins supercooled into thicker cables— several different proteins

162
Q

What are microfilaments made of

A

Actin— two intertwined strands of actin, each a polymer of actin subunits

163
Q

catabolic reactions

A

breakdown complex molecules and RELEASE energy

164
Q

anabolic reactions

A

use energy to build complex molecules

165
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

every energy transformation or transfer increases the entropy of the universe

166
Q

exergonic reaction

A

reaction is spontaneous: energy is released

167
Q

endergonic reaction

A

reaction is nonspontaneous, energy is added

168
Q

energy coupling

A

use of exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions– usually happens thorugh transfer of electrons or phosphate group

169
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons

170
Q

why does the partial negative charge in a molecule of water occur

A

the electrons shared between the o and h atoms spend more time around the O atom nucleus than around the H atom nucleus

171
Q

what group plays a major role in energy transfer

A

phosphate group

172
Q

which of the following is not attached to the central C atom in an amino acid?
carboxyl functional group
oxygen
amino functional group
side chain (“R group”)

A

oxygen

173
Q

what part of an amino acid is always acidic

A

carboxyl functional group

174
Q

how do polypeptides from amino acids form

A

a bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid

175
Q

what type of bond joins the monomers in a proteins primary structure

A

peptide bonds

176
Q

what bonds do the secondary structure of a protein result from

A

hydrogen bonds

177
Q

what are the tertiary structures of a protein DIRECTLY dependent on

A

hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, bonds between sulfur atoms, hydrogen bonds

178
Q

what do cells do to activate the nucleotides for incorportation into a polymer and why

A

add phosphate groups to raise the potential energy of monomers

179
Q

in the 1950s when Watson and Crick were working on their model of DNA, which concepts were well-accepted by the scientific community

A
  1. chromosomes are made up of protein and nucleic acids
  2. genes are located on chromosomes
  3. chromosomes are found in the nucleus
180
Q

what did the structure of DNAs double helix suggest about dnas properties

A

dna can be replecated by making complementary copies of each strand
dna can change. errors in copying can result in changes in the dna sequence that could be inherited by future generations
dna stores genetic info in the sequence of its bases

181
Q

hydroxyl groups in nucleic acid: on 3’ or 5’ carbon

A

3’

182
Q

phosphate groups in nucleic acid: on 3’ or 5’ carbon

A

5’

183
Q

what do animals store energy in the form of

A

glycogen

184
Q

most abundant organic cmpd on earth

A

cellulose

185
Q

glycosidic linkage is analogous to what in proteins

A

peptide bodn

186
Q

how do polysaccharides vary

A

monomers vary in orientations of hydroxyl groups, linkages vary widely in location and geometry

187
Q

a function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role

A

as a component of animal cell membranes

188
Q

the presence of many C-C and C-H bonds causes fats to be …

A

rich in energy (can be oxidized) and insoluble in water

189
Q

heads of triglycerides are derived from what

A

glycerol

190
Q

in the rxn that builds a fat, ______ groups react with ______ groups

A

hydroxyl (come from glycerol), carboxyl

191
Q

triglycerides vary with respect to the number of

A

C atoms in the tails and double bonds in the tails

192
Q

what do DNA< proteins, and fats have in common

A

they contain carbonyl groups

193
Q

decreasing the saturation of the fatty acid chains on a particular type of phospholipid would result in the formation of what

A

more fluid bilayers

194
Q

what is composed of DNA and protein

A

chromatin

195
Q

ribosomal subunits are manufactured by what

A

nucleolus

196
Q

hollow rods that shape and support the cell

A

microtubules

197
Q

what are identical in structure to centrioles

A

basal bodies

198
Q

where are proteins produced other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the ER

A

mitochondria

199
Q

sacs in chloroplasts

A

thylakoids

200
Q

fluid that surrounds thylakoids in chloroplasts

A

stroma

201
Q

what is the function of a bacteriums capsule

A

protection

202
Q

what are the surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface

A

fimbriae

203
Q

in eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are what

A

microtubules

204
Q

many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by ________ wgucg are assembled from a diverse class of proteins

A

intermediate filaments

205
Q

centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into what

A

microtubules

206
Q

the extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of what

A

microfilaments

207
Q

the only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are what

A

intermediate fibers

208
Q

during muscle contractions, mytosin motor proteins move across tracks of what

A

microfilaments

209
Q

why does water have a high specific heat

A

hydrogen bonds

210
Q

an animal lacking oligosaccharides on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which function

A

cell-cell recognition

211
Q

______ fatty acids and ____ hydrocarbon chains increase membrane permeability

A

unsaturated; short

212
Q

which of the following (polysaccharides, RNA, proteins, DNA) have the least structural variety

A

DNA

213
Q

do plant cells contain mitochondria

A

yes

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