BIO- MONOMERS AND POLYMERS! Flashcards
All molecules of life contain these organic molecules. What are the organic molecules?
A molecule that contains Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen!
What is Respiration (recap to GCSE)
. An exothermic reaction
. happens continually in ALL living CELLS
. 2 types are aerobic and anaerobic
What is the word equation for Aerobic respiration/what does it include?
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water
. includes presence of oxygen.
. Releases ALOT of energy as the glucose molecule is FULLY OXIDISED (broken down into ATP and stuff)
What is Anaerobic Respiration?
= When no oxygen is present.
BREIF:
. we often require oxygen when muscle cells respire like during exercise.
. Without O2, muscle cells respire ANAEROBICALLY.
. The Glucose is converted into Lactic Acid. No oxygen present.
. ANAEROBIC respiration provides LESS energy as there is INCOMPLETE oxidation.
What type of substrate are carbohydrates and what does this provide for the cells?
. A Respiratory substrate (an organic nutrient which is oxidised at the time of respiration) which provides energy for cells.
Name one use of carbohydrates in a plant and animal cell.
.used for structure in cell walls of plants
. used in cell membranes in both
What type of substrate are Lipids and what can they be used for in cells?
.A respiratory substrate, provides cells with energy
.forms a bilayer in cell membranes
.can make up some hormones
What are proteins and what 2 things can they form?
.They are the MAIN component of many CELLULAR structures (eg inside the cell membrane)
. can form enzymes & chemical messengers
What 2 polymers do Nucleic Acids form/make?
the POLYMERS RNA and DNA (so these contain nucleic acids)
What is a condensation reaction?
The reaction by which 2 monomers are joined together, forming a covalent bond. This process releases a water molecule
What do DNA/RNA code for?
Base sequence of amino acids
–> which make up all proteins (amino acids)
Amino Acids form=
Fatty Acids form=
Carbohydrates form=
Nucleobases form=
Proteins
phospholipids
glycerol and monosaccharides
nucleotides which form DNA/RNA
What bond is created by condensation?
Covalent bond
What is a monomer?
the smaller units (from which larger molecules are made)
What is Hydrolysis reaction?
The reaction used to break the covalent bond between both the monomers. This reaction requires/needs a water molecule.
what is a polymer?
molecules which are made of lots of repeating units (monomers) joined together
What are 3 examples of monomers?
Amino acids, monosaccharides and nucleotides!
What are the 3 monomers of carbohydrates?
Glucose, fructose and galactose
Monomers of proteins?
Amino Acids
Monomers of Nucleic Acids?
Nucleotides
Through which bond are the monomers of carbohydrates (glucose, fructose and galactose) joined together?
Glycosidic bonds
Through which bonds are amino acids joined together to form proteins?
Peptide bonds.
Through which bond are nucleotides joined together to form nucleic acids?
Phosphodiester bond!
What is the name of the polymers made in Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic acids?
Polysaccharides
Polypeptides
polynucleotides
3 examples of carbohydrates
.Starch
. glycogen (comes from a carb but isn’t one itself. Also is an energy store of the monomer, glucose) .
.cellulose
4 protein examples=
enzymes
antibodies
channel proteins
haemoglobins
2 Nucleic acid examples=
DNA and RNA
What 2 groups are joined to the monomers that have been split up during the Hydrolysis reaction?
One OH group to one monomer
One H group to the other monomer
