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FINALS (1ST SEM) - G12 STEM 1 > BIO - Miscellaneous > Flashcards

BIO - Miscellaneous Flashcards

Para pumasa sa removal exam at 'di umiyak.

1
Q

These halt the cell cycle.

A

Negative regulators

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2
Q

The three regulators that were discovered to be damaged or nonfunctional in cells that had begun to replicate uncontrollably.

A
  • Retinoblastoma proteins (Rb)
  • p53
  • p21
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3
Q

Give at least three traits of a cancerous cell.

Hint: I, I, N, N, A, M

A
  1. Ignores STOP signal.
  2. Independent of growth signal.
  3. No cell death.
  4. No limit to cell division.
  5. Angiogenesis.
  6. Metastasis.
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4
Q

What are the sources of oncogenes?

Hint: M, U, V

A
  1. Mutation
  2. UV Lights (Synthetic/Natural chemicals, x-rays)
  3. HPV
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5
Q

This is the mutation of a normal gene but it needs several mutations before it becomes critical.

A

Cancer

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6
Q

An agent for mutation, but not all of it kind is cancerous.

A

Mutagen

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7
Q

An agent for cancer.

A

Carcinogen

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8
Q

What are the kinds of carcinogens?

Hint: I, C, V, H

A
  1. Ionising radiation
  2. Chemicals
  3. Helicobacter pylori virus
  4. Hereditary predisposition
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9
Q

What are the kinds of tumours?

A
  1. Benign

2. Malignant

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10
Q

A classification of cancer that is in the ectoderm and endoderm.

A

Carcinoma

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11
Q

A classification of cancer that is in the mesoderm.

A

Sarcoma

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12
Q

A classification of cancer that is in the hepatopoeitic system.

A

Leukemia and Lymphoma

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13
Q

What are the stages of cancer?

Hint: S, L, L, E, M

A

0: Cancer in situ
1: Tumor limited to tissue of origin
2: Limited local spread of tumor
3: Extensive local and regional spread
4: Metastasis

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14
Q

This is the ability of an organism to maintain balance in the system even if it’s affected by external factors.

A

Homeostasis

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15
Q

This allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport.

A

Selective Permeable Membrane

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16
Q

What is ICM?

A

Intercellular Matrix

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17
Q

What is ECM?

A

Extracellular Matrix

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18
Q

These are the kinds of proteins that act as a passageway or transporters for molecules to enter a cell.

A

Integral proteins

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19
Q

An essential component of the cell membrane that maintains its fluidity and permeability. It also acts as an anti-freeze.

A

Cholesterol

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20
Q

What are the types of cell transport?

A
  • Active Transport

- Passive Transport

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21
Q

A type of cell transport that does not require energy.

A

Passive transport

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22
Q

A type of cell transport that requires energy to transport molecules that are large and can’t easily pass through the permeable membrane.

A

Active transport

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23
Q

A type of passive cell transport that focuses on concentrations going from low to high levels and vice versa.

A

Diffusion

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24
Q

A type of passive cell transport that has a protein to help a molecule be transported to where it should go.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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25
A type of passive cell transport that is exclusive for water molecules.
Osmosis
26
This is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
Tonicity
27
A kind of tonicity wherein both the ICM and ECM are in an equilibrium state.
Isotonic
28
A kind of tonicity wherein wherein the cell is caused to be lysed in an animal cell and turgid in a plant cell.
Hypotonic
29
A kind of tonicity wherein the cell is caused to be shriveled in an animal cell and plasmolysed in a plant cell.
Hypertonic
30
The number of ATP produced in a eukaryotic cell.
36 ATP
31
The number of ATP produced in a prokaryotic cell.
38 ATP
32
A charged molecule. Goes by the known acronym of ATP.
Adenosine Triphosphate
33
An uncharged molecule. Goes by the known acronym of ADP.
Adenosine Diphosphate
34
This is produced in an anaerobic respiration during the stage of glycolysis when not enough oxygen is present in the cell.
Lactic Acid
35
A pathway that does not require oxygen and is a simple, fast process that produces small amounts of ATP.
Anaerobic
36
A pathway that requires oxygen and yields large amounts of ATP.
Aerobic
37
The flow of an aerobic respiration.
C6H12O6 --> Glycolysis --> Krebs' Cycle --> Electron Transport Chain --> CO2 + H2O + ATP
38
This is a coenzyme found in all living things and can bring up to three electrons. An electron carrier.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
39
This is another electron carrier that can bring up to one electron only.
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
40
The reduced version of NAD.
NADH
41
The reduced version of FAD.
FADH2
42
This is the first stage of the cellular respiration that happens in the cytoplasm and could either be an aerobic or anaerobic process.
Glycolysis
43
The glycolysis yields a product of ______.
2 ATPs and 2 Pyruvic Acids
44
Where does the stage of glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
45
This is the starting reactant for glycolysis to start?
C6H12O6
46
This is the second stage of cellular respiration that's also known as the Citric Acid Cycle.
Krebs' Cycle
47
The starting reactant for the Krebs' Cycle to start.
Pyruvic Acid
48
The electron carriers of the Kreb's Cycle?
NAD and FAD
49
Where does the Krebs' Cycle occur?
In the matrix of the mitochondria.
50
This is known as the four Carbon ringed molecule.
Oxaloacetate
51
This is known as the six Carbon ringed molecule.
Citrate
52
The Krebs' Cycle yields how many ATP?
2 ATP
53
What is the product of the Krebs' Cycle?
CO2
54
This is the last stage of cellular respiration wherein the large amounts of ATP are produced thanks to the electron carriers.
Electron Transport Chain
55
This is also known as the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes.
Electron Transport Chain
56
The electron carrier in ETC.
O2
57
The product of ETC.
H2O
58
Amount of ATP produced in ETC.
``` 32 ATPs (Eukaryotes) 34 ATPs (Prokaryotes) ```
59
This is a type of fermentation that occurs in bacteria and fungi whose product is ethyl alcohol and CO2. This forms beer, wine, and is also used to raise dough.
Alcoholic fermentation
60
This is a type of fermentation that occurs in bacteria, plants, and most animals. This happens in humans after an extraneous activity. Is done to make cheese and yoghurt.
Lactic acid fermentation
61
This causes muscle cramps in our bodies.
Lactic acid
62
These are organisms that produce their own energy.
Autotrophs
63
This is the energy from the sun that are discrete packets of kinetic energy.
Photons
64
The process wherein H20 moves up from the roots and to the leaves.
Transpiration
65
The plant tissue that transports water.
Xylem
66
The plant tissue that transports sugar/food.
Phloem
67
The opening on the leaf where carbon dioxide enters.
Stomata
68
This is where the photons are gathered and enter.
Chlorophyll
69
These are distinct colours as they absorb only some wavelengths of visible light.
Photosynthetic pigments
70
The three kinds of pigment in chloroplasts.
- Chlorophyll a - Chlorophyll b - Carotenoid
71
This is a double membrane organelle that's known to be an important plasmid in the plant cell.
Chloroplast
72
This is the site of light-dependent reactions.
Thylakoid membranes
73
The other name for light-independent reactions.
Calvin Cycle
74
The site of photosynthesis.
Mesophyll layer
75
This is the process where energy is converted in chemical energy.
ATP Synthase
76
The site where light-independent reactions.
Stroma
77
The meaning of RuBP.
Ribulose Bisphosphate
78
The meaning of RuBisCO.
Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxidase

FINALS (1ST SEM) - G12 STEM 1 (6 decks)

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