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FINALS (1ST SEM) - G12 STEM 1 > BIO - Miscellaneous > Flashcards

BIO - Miscellaneous Flashcards

Para pumasa sa removal exam at 'di umiyak.

1
Q

These halt the cell cycle.

A

Negative regulators

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2
Q

The three regulators that were discovered to be damaged or nonfunctional in cells that had begun to replicate uncontrollably.

A
  • Retinoblastoma proteins (Rb)
  • p53
  • p21
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3
Q

Give at least three traits of a cancerous cell.

Hint: I, I, N, N, A, M

A
  1. Ignores STOP signal.
  2. Independent of growth signal.
  3. No cell death.
  4. No limit to cell division.
  5. Angiogenesis.
  6. Metastasis.
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4
Q

What are the sources of oncogenes?

Hint: M, U, V

A
  1. Mutation
  2. UV Lights (Synthetic/Natural chemicals, x-rays)
  3. HPV
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5
Q

This is the mutation of a normal gene but it needs several mutations before it becomes critical.

A

Cancer

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6
Q

An agent for mutation, but not all of it kind is cancerous.

A

Mutagen

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7
Q

An agent for cancer.

A

Carcinogen

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8
Q

What are the kinds of carcinogens?

Hint: I, C, V, H

A
  1. Ionising radiation
  2. Chemicals
  3. Helicobacter pylori virus
  4. Hereditary predisposition
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9
Q

What are the kinds of tumours?

A
  1. Benign

2. Malignant

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10
Q

A classification of cancer that is in the ectoderm and endoderm.

A

Carcinoma

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11
Q

A classification of cancer that is in the mesoderm.

A

Sarcoma

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12
Q

A classification of cancer that is in the hepatopoeitic system.

A

Leukemia and Lymphoma

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13
Q

What are the stages of cancer?

Hint: S, L, L, E, M

A

0: Cancer in situ
1: Tumor limited to tissue of origin
2: Limited local spread of tumor
3: Extensive local and regional spread
4: Metastasis

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14
Q

This is the ability of an organism to maintain balance in the system even if it’s affected by external factors.

A

Homeostasis

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15
Q

This allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport.

A

Selective Permeable Membrane

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16
Q

What is ICM?

A

Intercellular Matrix

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17
Q

What is ECM?

A

Extracellular Matrix

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18
Q

These are the kinds of proteins that act as a passageway or transporters for molecules to enter a cell.

A

Integral proteins

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19
Q

An essential component of the cell membrane that maintains its fluidity and permeability. It also acts as an anti-freeze.

A

Cholesterol

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20
Q

What are the types of cell transport?

A
  • Active Transport

- Passive Transport

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21
Q

A type of cell transport that does not require energy.

A

Passive transport

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22
Q

A type of cell transport that requires energy to transport molecules that are large and can’t easily pass through the permeable membrane.

A

Active transport

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23
Q

A type of passive cell transport that focuses on concentrations going from low to high levels and vice versa.

A

Diffusion

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24
Q

A type of passive cell transport that has a protein to help a molecule be transported to where it should go.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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25
Q

A type of passive cell transport that is exclusive for water molecules.

A

Osmosis

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26
Q

This is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

A

Tonicity

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27
Q

A kind of tonicity wherein both the ICM and ECM are in an equilibrium state.

A

Isotonic

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28
Q

A kind of tonicity wherein wherein the cell is caused to be lysed in an animal cell and turgid in a plant cell.

A

Hypotonic

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29
Q

A kind of tonicity wherein the cell is caused to be shriveled in an animal cell and plasmolysed in a plant cell.

A

Hypertonic

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30
Q

The number of ATP produced in a eukaryotic cell.

A

36 ATP

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31
Q

The number of ATP produced in a prokaryotic cell.

A

38 ATP

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32
Q

A charged molecule. Goes by the known acronym of ATP.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

33
Q

An uncharged molecule. Goes by the known acronym of ADP.

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

34
Q

This is produced in an anaerobic respiration during the stage of glycolysis when not enough oxygen is present in the cell.

A

Lactic Acid

35
Q

A pathway that does not require oxygen and is a simple, fast process that produces small amounts of ATP.

A

Anaerobic

36
Q

A pathway that requires oxygen and yields large amounts of ATP.

A

Aerobic

37
Q

The flow of an aerobic respiration.

A

C6H12O6 –> Glycolysis –> Krebs’ Cycle –> Electron Transport Chain –> CO2 + H2O + ATP

38
Q

This is a coenzyme found in all living things and can bring up to three electrons. An electron carrier.

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

39
Q

This is another electron carrier that can bring up to one electron only.

A

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

40
Q

The reduced version of NAD.

A

NADH

41
Q

The reduced version of FAD.

A

FADH2

42
Q

This is the first stage of the cellular respiration that happens in the cytoplasm and could either be an aerobic or anaerobic process.

A

Glycolysis

43
Q

The glycolysis yields a product of ______.

A

2 ATPs and 2 Pyruvic Acids

44
Q

Where does the stage of glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

45
Q

This is the starting reactant for glycolysis to start?

A

C6H12O6

46
Q

This is the second stage of cellular respiration that’s also known as the Citric Acid Cycle.

A

Krebs’ Cycle

47
Q

The starting reactant for the Krebs’ Cycle to start.

A

Pyruvic Acid

48
Q

The electron carriers of the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

NAD and FAD

49
Q

Where does the Krebs’ Cycle occur?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria.

50
Q

This is known as the four Carbon ringed molecule.

A

Oxaloacetate

51
Q

This is known as the six Carbon ringed molecule.

A

Citrate

52
Q

The Krebs’ Cycle yields how many ATP?

A

2 ATP

53
Q

What is the product of the Krebs’ Cycle?

A

CO2

54
Q

This is the last stage of cellular respiration wherein the large amounts of ATP are produced thanks to the electron carriers.

A

Electron Transport Chain

55
Q

This is also known as the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes.

A

Electron Transport Chain

56
Q

The electron carrier in ETC.

A

O2

57
Q

The product of ETC.

A

H2O

58
Q

Amount of ATP produced in ETC.

A 
32 ATPs (Eukaryotes)
34 ATPs (Prokaryotes)
59
Q

This is a type of fermentation that occurs in bacteria and fungi whose product is ethyl alcohol and CO2. This forms beer, wine, and is also used to raise dough.

A

Alcoholic fermentation

60
Q

This is a type of fermentation that occurs in bacteria, plants, and most animals. This happens in humans after an extraneous activity. Is done to make cheese and yoghurt.

A

Lactic acid fermentation

61
Q

This causes muscle cramps in our bodies.

A

Lactic acid

62
Q

These are organisms that produce their own energy.

A

Autotrophs

63
Q

This is the energy from the sun that are discrete packets of kinetic energy.

A

Photons

64
Q

The process wherein H20 moves up from the roots and to the leaves.

A

Transpiration

65
Q

The plant tissue that transports water.

A

Xylem

66
Q

The plant tissue that transports sugar/food.

A

Phloem

67
Q

The opening on the leaf where carbon dioxide enters.

A

Stomata

68
Q

This is where the photons are gathered and enter.

A

Chlorophyll

69
Q

These are distinct colours as they absorb only some wavelengths of visible light.

A

Photosynthetic pigments

70
Q

The three kinds of pigment in chloroplasts.

A
  • Chlorophyll a
  • Chlorophyll b
  • Carotenoid
71
Q

This is a double membrane organelle that’s known to be an important plasmid in the plant cell.

A

Chloroplast

72
Q

This is the site of light-dependent reactions.

A

Thylakoid membranes

73
Q

The other name for light-independent reactions.

A

Calvin Cycle

74
Q

The site of photosynthesis.

A

Mesophyll layer

75
Q

This is the process where energy is converted in chemical energy.

A

ATP Synthase

76
Q

The site where light-independent reactions.

A

Stroma

77
Q

The meaning of RuBP.

A

Ribulose Bisphosphate

78
Q

The meaning of RuBisCO.

A

Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxidase

FINALS (1ST SEM) - G12 STEM 1 (6 decks)

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