Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 115 > Bio Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Bio Midterm 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which parts of the Peripheral Nervous System are voluntary and involuntary?

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) = involuntary. Somatic nervous system (SNS) is voluntary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the somatic senses?

A

Somatic and visceral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the special senses and where are they housed?

A

Smell, sight, taste, hearing, and equilibrium (but not touch!). They are housed in complex sensory organs such as the eyes and ears.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain that is felt at a site other than the place of origin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

Receptors that detect light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

Sensory receptor that detects changes in temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

A free (naked) nerve ending that detects painful stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are osmoreceptors?

A

Sensory receptor that detects changes in osmotic pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Sensory receptor that detects the presence of a specific chemical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles?

A

Oval-shaped pressure receptor located in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue consisting of concentric layers of connective tissue wrapped around the dendrites of a sensory neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the parts of the outer ear?

A

Auricle, auditory canal, and the eardrum outer layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the parts of the middle ear?

A

Auditory (eustachian) tube, auditory ossicles, and oval window.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the parts of the inner ear?

A

The bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth and contains the spiral organ (organ of Corti), the organ of hearing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the olfactory receptor?

A

Chemoreceptors that respond to hundreds of different odorant molecules by producing an electrical signal that triggers one or more nerve impulses. Adaptation (decreasing sensitivity) to odors occurs rapidly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the gustatory cells and how do they work?

A

Cells in the taste buds.
→ Food diffuses through taste pores and bind on receptors and then trigger an action potential
→ Info is sent to taste area of cerebral cortex
→ Release digestive enzymes to begin digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the primary “tastes” and how many taste buds are there?

A

There are 10k taste buds in a mouth. The five primary tastes are salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the parts of the eye?

A

Fibrous tunic, vascualr tunic, and retina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

A

Eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, the lacrimal apparatus (which produces and drains tears), and extrinsic eye muscles (which move the eye).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does adaptation mean?

A

The adjustment of the pupil of the eye to changes in light intensity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are hormones?

A

A secretion of endocrine cells that alters the physiological activity of target cells of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is insulin (beta cells)?

A

A hormone produced by the beta cells of a pancreatic islet (islet of Langerhans) decreases the blood glucose level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is glucagon (alpha cells)?

A

A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) that increases blood glucose level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is epinephrine/adrenaline?

A

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation

24
Q

What is norepinephrine?

A

A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation.

25
Q

What is the thyroid hormone?

A

A hormone that regulates oxygen and metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, and growth and development.

26
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

A hormone that acts to reduce blood calcium, opposing the effects of the parathyroid hormone.

27
Q

What is the growth hormone?

A

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the growth of body tissues, especially skeletal and muscular tissues.

28
Q

What is an antidiuretic?

A

A substance that inhibits urine formation.

29
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

Type of chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, that plays a vital role in the central and peripheral nervous system.

30
Q

What are receptor types?

A

Classified structurally by their microscopic features as free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, or separate cells.

31
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

A gland that secretes hormones into interstitial fluid and then the blood; a ductless gland.

32
Q

What are the endocrine secretion glands?

A

The pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands.

33
Q

What are the exocrine secretion locations?

A

Sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, prostate and mucous.

34
Q

What are target cells and what are they included in?

A

The cell that responds to a particular hormone. Are included in direct gene activation and the second messenger system.

35
Q

What are the components and characteristics of blood?

A

A viscosity (thickness) greater than that of water. The temperature of 38˚ (100.4˚F). A pH range between 7.35 and 7.45. Blood constitutes about 8% of body weight in an adult. Consists of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements.

36
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transportation, regulation, and protection.

37
Q

What are the types of blood and donations?

A

A, B, AB, and O. A=A, B=B, AB=AB, O=O

38
Q

What are the characteristics of blood antigens?

A

In the ABO system, the antigen on RBCs called A and B, determine blood type. Plasma contains antibodies termed anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies. In the Rh system, individuals whose erythrocytes have Rh antigens (the Rh factor) are classified as Rh+.Those who lack the antigen are Rh-

39
Q

How many RBC’s do males and females have?

A

A healthy male has about 5.4 million RBCs/mL of blood and a healthy female has about 4.8 million RBCs/mL.

40
Q

How many WBC’s and platelets do humans normally have?

A

Normal blood contains 5000 to 10,000 WBCs/mL. Normal blood contains 150,000 to 400,000 platelets/mL.

41
Q

What is the lifespan of RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets?

A

Red Blood Cells live 120 days / White Blood Cells live a few hours or days / Platelets live about five to nine days.

42
Q

What are worn-out cells and where are they located?

A

Cells removed by a macrophage, located primarily within the bone marrow, liver, and spleen.

43
Q

What is hemostasis and what are the processes used in it?

A

A process to prevent and stop bleeding, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel. Blood clotting and platelet plugs.

44
Q

What is the cardiovascular centre?

A

A part of the human brain which regulates heart rate through the nervous and endocrine systems as well as stroke volume, and size of the blood vessel lumen.

45
Q

What is Hematopoiesis?

A

Blood cell production occurs in red bone marrow after birth.

46
Q

What is liquid connective tissue?

A

Blood is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix.

47
Q

What are electrocardiograms?

A

Records the electrical signal from the heart to check for different heart conditions.

48
Q

What are the heart/blood disorders and conditions?

A

Hypertension, Aneurysm, Myocardial Infarction, Ischemia, Angina Pectoris, coronary artery disease, Atherosclerosis, and Congenital defects.

49
Q

What is a pulse and what is a normal pulse rate?

A

The alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery with each heartbeat. It may be felt in any artery that lies near the surface or over a hard tissue. A normal pulse rate is about 75 beats per minute.

50
Q

What are the components of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins, and Venous return.

51
Q

Where is oxygenated and deoxygenated blood transported?

A

Systemic circulation takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle through the aorta to all parts of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

52
Q

What is stroke volume/cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle (or the right ventricle) into the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute.

53
Q

What are lymphatic system organs?

A

Bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

54
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system organs?

A

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, structures and organs that contain lymphatic tissue, and red bone marrow.

55
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system organs?

A

Drains excess interstitial, transports dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins to the blood, and carries out immune responses.

56
Q

What is the flow of lymphatic system organs like?

A

Lymph flows due to the “milking action” of skeletal muscle contractions and pressure changes that occur during inhalation.

57
Q

What is the function of WBC’s and how do they do it?

A

Combat inflammation and infection. Cells protect against disease by carrying on phagocytosis and producing proteins called antibodies

Biology 115 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions