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Biology 115 > Bio Final Exam > Flashcards

Bio Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.

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2
Q

What are the 11 systems of the body?

A

Integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, urinary system, and reproductive systems.

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

It tries to maintain the body’s normal functioning and adapts to changes to help keep the body functioning normally.

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4
Q

How do feedback systems work?

A

They detect things, take info back to brain. It determines what needs to change in order to achieve homeostasis.

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5
Q

What are the three parts/steps of the feedback system?

A

Receptors that receive info. Control centre that accepts info and decides what changes need to be done. Effectors that transmit the change that needs to be done.

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6
Q

What is a positive feedback system?

A

Positive strengthens a change in a controlled system (e.g., childbirth, ovulation, blood clotting).

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7
Q

What is a negative feedback system and where are they found?

A

Negative reverses a change in a controlled system (e.g., blood pressure, body temp., hormones).

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8
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Drains excess interstitial fluid, transports dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins to the blood, and carries out immune responses.

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9
Q

What are the parts of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus

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10
Q

What happens in the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Primaries are where stem cells divide and develop into mature B cells and T cells- red bone marrow and thymus

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11
Q

What happens in the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

The secondary lymphatic organs and tissues are the sites where most immune response occur.

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12
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes, the spleen, and lymphatic nodules.

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13
Q

Where are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

They are scattered throughout the mucosa of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

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14
Q

What is innate immunity and what does it include?

A

Immunity present at birth and it includes the external physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes.

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15
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

It involves the production of specific types of cells or specific antibodies to destroy a particular antigen.

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity.

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17
Q

What are the parts of the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), and associated structures.

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18
Q

What are the parts of the lower respiratory system?

A

Larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs.

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19
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) consists of inhalation and exhalation, the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Air flows from higher to lower pressure.

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20
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Provides for gas exchange—intake of O2 for delivery to body cells and removal of CO2 produced by body cells.
  2. Helps regulate blood ph.
  3. Contains receptors for the sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces sounds, and excretes small amounts of water and heat.
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21
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The exchange of respiratory gases between blood and body cells.

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22
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The exchange of respiratory gases between the lungs and blood.

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23
Q

What is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and what does it include?

A

A continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

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24
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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25
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.

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26
Q

What do the pharynx and esophagus do?

A

Food that is swallowed passes from the mouth into the portion of the pharynx called the oropharynx. From the oropharynx, food passes into the laryngopharynx.

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27
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

A muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.

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28
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Secretions pass from the pancreas to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct.

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29
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

A soft, oblong organ lying along the greater curvature of the stomach and connected by a duct to the duodenum

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30
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

A sac located in a depression under the liver that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.

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31
Q

What are the phases of digestion?

A

Cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase.

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32
Q

What happens during the cephalic phase during digestion?

A

Salivary glands secrete saliva and gastric glands secrete gastric juice in order to prepare the mouth and stomach for food that is about to be eaten.

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33
Q

What happens during the gastric phase of digestion?

A

The presence of food in the stomach causes the gastric phase of digestion, which promotes gastric juice secretion and gastric motility.

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34
Q

What happens during the intestinal phase of digestion?

A

Food is digested in the small intestine. In addition, gastric motility and gastric secretion decrease in order to slow the exit of chyme from the stomach, which prevents the small intestine from being overloaded with more chyme than it can handle.

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35
Q

What are the parts of the teeth?

A

Crown, root and neck.

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36
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

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37
Q

What forms urine?

A

After the kidneys filter blood and return most of the water and many solutes to the blood, the remaining water and solutes constitute urine.

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38
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Regulate blood volume and, help regulate blood pressure and pH, produce two hormones, and excrete wastes.

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39
Q

What are the functions of the ureters?

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

40
Q

What are the functions of the urinary bladder?

A

Stores urine and expels it into the urethra.

41
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Discharge urine from the body.

42
Q

What are the parts of the male reproductive system?

A

The testes, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands, scrotum, and penis.

43
Q

What are the parts/organs of the female reproductive system?

A

The ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, the mammary glands, and vulva.

44
Q

What are the methods of birth control?

A

Surgical sterilization (vasectomy, tubal ligation), non-incisional sterilization, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, spermicides, barrier methods (male condom, vaginal pouch, diaphragm, cervical cap), and periodic abstinence.

45
Q

What are the chromosome numbers?

A

Within the testes are somatic cells which divide by mitosis; each daughter cell receives a full complement of chromosomes (46) and is said to be diploid (2n).

46
Q

What are the components of the integumentary system?

A

Skin, hair, nails, and glands.

47
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Stores blood, protects body from external environment, detects cutaneous sensations, excretes and absorbs substances and synthesizes vitamin D.

48
Q

What are the layers of the skin glands and what do they do?

A

Epidermis: outer layer consisting of a stratified squamous epithelium waterproofed and hardened by keratin. Dermis: dense connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, and hair follicles and associated structures. Subcutaneous layers:

49
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage.

50
Q

What are the types of bones?

A

Flat bones, short bones, and irregular bones.

51
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A

Permits movement, encloses and protects the spinal cord and serves as a point of attachment for the ribs and muscles of the back.

52
Q

What are the girdles?

A

The clavicle and scapula.

53
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A

Producing body movements, stabilizing body positions, regulating organ volume, storing and moving substances within the body and producing heat.

54
Q

What are the types of muscles?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

55
Q

What are the components of the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

56
Q

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

All nervous tissue outside the CNS. As well as the somatic nervous system (SNS), autonomic nervous system (ANS), and enteric nervous system (ENS)

57
Q

What involves spinal cord protection?

A

Spinal meninges, 3 layers of connective tissue, dura mater, Arachnoid mate, Pia mater, continuous with cranial meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) .

58
Q

What is parasympathetic division and what does it do?

A

Fibres release acetylcholine. The “rest-and-digest” system. Conserve energy and maintains daily necessary body functions. Remember the three D’s: Digestion, defecation and diuresis.

59
Q

What is sympathetic division?

A

Fibres release norepinephrine. The “fight-or-flight” division. Response to unusual stimulus when emotionally or physically stressed or threatened. Takes over to increase activities. Remember the four E’s: Exercise, Excitement , Emergency, and Embarrassment

60
Q

What are the special senses?

A

Smell, sight, taste, hearing, and equilibrium.

61
Q

Where are the special senses housed and what do they do?

A

They are housed in complex sensory organs such as the eyes and ears. They allow us to detect changes in the environment.

62
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transportation, regulation, and protection. It also helps to regulate pH, body temperature, and water content of cells. It also helps prevent blood loss through clotting.

63
Q

What are the types of blood?

A

In the ABO system, the antigens on RBCs, called A and B, determine blood type. Plasma contains antibodies termed anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies. If you have Rh antigens you’re Rh+, if not you’re Rh-.

64
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium (outer), myocardium (muscle of the heart), and endocardium (inner lining) .

65
Q

What does the respiratory centre consist of?

A

Medullary rhythmicity area (inspiratory and expiratory areas) in the medulla oblongata and groups of neurons in the pons.

66
Q

What is the cardiovascular centre?

A

Groups of neurons scattered within the medulla oblongata that regulate heart rate, force of contraction, and blood vessel diameter.

67
Q

What are the 2 definitions of blood pressure?

A

Force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels due to contraction of the heart and influenced by the elasticity of the vessel walls; clinically, a measure of the pressure in arteries.

68
Q

What do blood vessels do?

A

Blood vessels form a closed system of tubes that carries blood away from the heart (in arteries), transports it through the tissues of the body (in arterioles, capillaries, and venules), and then returns it to the heart (in veins).

69
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

The cells of endocrine glands, by contrast, secrete their products (hormones) into interstitial fluid, the fluid that surrounds tissue cells. Then, the hormones diffuse into blood capillaries, and blood carries them throughout the body.

70
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The development of a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state.

71
Q

What is the lymphatic nodule?

A

Oval-shaped concentrations of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule

72
Q

What is the lymphatic duct?

A

The lymphatic capillaries merge to form larger lymphatic vessels, which ultimately drain into the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct.

73
Q

What is accumulation?

A

Immature leukocytes in which many cells fail to reach maturity (acute) or an accumulation of mature leukocytes in the blood because they do not die at the end of their normal life span (chronic).

74
Q

What is accomadation?

A

For viewing close objects, the lens increases its curvature (accommodation), and the pupil constricts to prevent light rays from entering the eye through the periphery of the lens

75
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during ventricular systole. It is related to stretch on the heart before it contracts, forcefulness of contraction, and the amount of pressure required to eject blood from the ventricles.

76
Q

What is the all-or-none principle?

A

When an AP of a neuron reaches a certain level (-55 Mv) a signal shoot through at once. Either it all goes, or it doesn’t go at all.

77
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The structure or study of the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other

78
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including the synthetic (anabolic) reactions and decomposition (catabolic) reactions.

79
Q

What are water-soluble hormones?

A

Bind to their respective receptors expressed on the extracellular surface of the target cell membrane.

80
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle (or the right ventricle) into the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute.

81
Q

What is lymph?

A

Fluid confined in lymphatic vessels and flowing through the lymphatic system until it is returned to the blood.

82
Q

What is physiology?

A

Science that deals with the functions of an organism or its parts.

83
Q

What is ganglion?

A

Group of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the central nervous system (CNS).

84
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Sensory receptor that detects the presence of a specific chemical.

85
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

A free (naked) nerve ending that detects painful stimuli.

86
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

A neuron that is capable of responding to changes in blood, air, or fluid pressure. Also called a stretch receptor.

87
Q

What are seminal vesicles?

A

One of a pair of convoluted, pouchlike structures, lying posterior and inferior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum, that secrete a component of semen into the ejaculatory ducts.

88
Q

What are vas deferens?

A

A coiled tube that carries the sperm out of the testes.

89
Q

What is the dynamic equilibrium?

A

When the forward and reverse processes occur at the same rate, resulting in no observable change in the system.

90
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The condition in which the body’s internal environment remains relatively constant within physiological limits

91
Q

What is edema?

A

An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid.

92
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Successive muscular contractions along the wall of a hollow muscular structure.

93
Q

What is micturition/urination?

A

The act of expelling urine from the urinary bladder.

94
Q

What is refraction?

A

Image formation on the retina involves refraction of light rays by the cornea and lens, which focus an inverted image on the central fovea of the retina.

95
Q

What is adaptation?

A

The adjustment of the pupil of the eye to changes in light intensity.

96
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The stoppage of bleeding, involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting.

Biology 115 (2 decks)

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