Bio midterm Flashcards
Barnacles create home sites by attaching themselves to whales. As the barnacle is a filter feeder, it also gets access to more water (and more food) due to the relationship.
Commensalism
A cuckoo lays its eggs in the nest of the warbler. The cuckoo’s eggs hatch first and the young kick the warbler eggs out of the nest. The warbler raises the cuckoo babies and the warbler babies aren’t hatched
pararsitism
Remoras attach themselves to a shark’s body. They travel with the shark and feed on the leftover food scraps after the shark has finished its meal. The shark was done eating anyway.
Commensalism
Ostriches and gazelles feed next to each other. They both watch for predators. Because the visual abilities of the two species are different, they can each identify threats that the other animal may not see as readily.
Mutualism
Mistletoe extracts water and nutrients from the spruce tree to the detriment (ill effect) to the spruce.
Parasitism
Silverfish live and hunt with army ants and share the prey. They neither help nor harm the ants.
Commensalism
Wrasse fish feed on the parasites found on the black sea bass’s body (usually in the mouth). Dental floss for fish.
Mutualism
Consumes only meat for energy.
Carnivore
Produces its own food.
Autotroph
Relies on other organisms for energy
Heterotroph
Organisms that receive their energy by eating plants only.
Herbivore
An organism that prefers to gain energy from the consumption of plants or meat.
Omnivore
Feeds on dead or decaying matter.
Detrivore
If only a portion of the energy available at one trophic level makes it to the next level, what happens to the remainder of that energy?
It is lost as heat
In an ecosystem, energy flows in ____ and matter flows in _____.
one direction
cycles
Photosynthesis by plants and respiration by other organisms is a major part of which cycle of matter?
carbon cycle
Choose ALL of the following ways that nitrogen fixation occurs (nitrogen changing from non-usable to usable form) in the nitrogen cycle.
lightning
Nitrifying bacteria in the soil.
A severe frost wipes out 50% of the citrus crop in southern Florida.
density-independent factor
Due to severe overcrowding in an Asian village, many children do not survive to reach adulthood.
density-dependent factor
Because rabbits in Australia have no natural enemies, their population increases exponentially.
density-dependent factor
The eruption of a Hawaiian volcano destroys most of the wildlife in the immediate vicinity of the volcano.
density-independent factor
True or False: Earth’s population continues to increase
True
Results in top consumers having a buildup of toxins
Biological magnification
possible solution is the formation of “nature” bridges
Habitat Fragmentation
Have no predators in their niche
Invasive species
Likely to go extinct if survival rate do not improve
Vulnerable species
Environmental conditions that occur along the boundaries of an ecosystem
Edge effect
Threatens biodiversity by altering or damaging natural habitats and directly harms living things.
Pollution
Lowers the PH of aquatic environments
Acid precipitation
amino acid pairs with…
protein
fatty acid pairs with…
lipid
polysaccharide pairs with…
carbohydrate
genetic material pairs with…
nucleic acid
polypeptide pairs with…
protien
glycerol head pairs with…
lipid
RNA pairs with…
nucleic acid
olive oil pairs with…
lipid
monosaccharide pairs with…
carb
nucleotide pairs with…
nucleic acid
enzymes pair with…
protien
main component of cell membrane pairs with…
lipid
quick energy pairs with…
carb
glucose pair with…
caqrb
triglyceride pairs with…
lipid
antibodies pairs with…
protien
long term stored energy pairs with…
lipid
building block of muscle pairs with…
protein
Why is carbon the main structural component of all organic molecules?
It has the ability to bond to four different atoms.
Select ALL of the characteristics that apply to all cells.
Contain DNA.
Can reproduce.
Filled with cytoplasm.
Surrounded by a cell membrane.
Eukaryote traits
Has DNA contained in a nucleus.
Filled with cytoplasm.
Contain membrane-bound organelles.
Contain ribosomes for making proteins.
Often more complex organisms.
Prokaryote traits
Extremely simple, often single-celled organisms.
Filled with cytoplasm.
Contain ribosomes for making proteins.
A great example are bacteria
First to use the term “cell”.
Robert Hooke
All animals are made of cells.
Theodor Schwann
Improved the microscope to view microscopic organisms.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
All plants are made of cells.
Matthias Schleiden
New cells must come from other cells.
Rudolph Virchow
A cell’s enzyme was improperly formed because this organelle did not read the instructions correctly.
Ribosome
A scientist noticed a cell was unable to move around normally because it’s flagellum was non-functional. She knew it must be a problem with this organelle that provides structure and support.
cytoskeleton
As researchers were studying a disease affecting a certain protein, they found it was due to this organelle improperly sending it to the wrong location.
golgi apparatus
Usually found in pairs within animal cells only, this organelle organizes the microtubules that create the skeletal system within the cell. It is also vital to the process of cell division.
centriole
A student was looking at a plant and animal cell under a microscope and noticed the same organelle in both, but it was much larger in the plant cell.
vacuole
what does a mitochondria do?
convert energy
what does a cilia do?
support the cell
what does a lysosome do?
maintain homeostasis
what does a ribosome do?
synthesize new molecules
what does a endoplasmic reticulum do?
synthesize new molecules
what does a chloroplast do?
Converts sunlight into glucose
what does Golgi apparatus do?
Modifies and sorts new molecules
what does nucleus do?
contains instructions for synthesizing new molecules
what does cell wall do?
provides support and protection
what does Endoplasmic Reticulum do?
Fluid-like matrix within the cell
PH of a normal stomach
1.5-3.5
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reaction rates by –
lowering the activation energy
Endocytosis
Transport involving the creation of vesicles.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules, specifically.
Active transport
The sodium-potassium pump is a good example.
Diffusion
Movement of molecules across the membrane from high to low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion
Carrier molecules are required.
Phagocytosis is an example of –
Active Transport
Which organelle is most directly responsible for the creation of vesicles for exocytosis?
Golgi Apparatus
more solute inside the cell than outside the cell means…
hypotonic solution, water moves in
more water inside the cell that outside the cell means…
hypertonic solution, water moves out
plant cells thrive in ____ solutions
hypotonic
animal cells ___ in hypotonic solutions, and ___ in hypertonic solutions
burst/swell
shrivel
True or False: Photosynthetic organisms create glucose to use as fuel during cellular respiration.
True
True or False: An organism must have chloroplasts in order to conduct photosynthesis.
False
True or False:Photosynthetic organisms get energy from photosynthesis only.
False
Choose ALL of the following that are involved in the process of photosynthesis.
oxygen
carbon dioxide
water
chlorophyll
glucose
ATP
Sunlight
Reactants of photosynthesis
Water, Carbon Dioxide, and Sunlight
Products of photosynthesis
Glucose, Oxygen
Takes place in yeast when oxygen is not present at sufficient levels.
Alcoholic fermentation
The main energy currency of the cell.
Adenosine triphosphate
The first several steps of respiration take place here in eukaryotes, before moving to a different location.
cytosol (cytoplasm)
During heavy exercise, your body cannot keep up with oxygen demands and therefore must turn to this process.
Lactic acid fermentation
The bulk of respiration takes place here in eukaryotes.
Mitochandria
Glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules.
Glycolysis
In prokaryotes, respiration takes place mostly here.
Cytosol (cytoplasm)
The fastest way to make lots of energy.
aerobic respiration
Energy is released when the main energy currency is converted into this molecule.
Adenosine disphosphate
If there is not enough oxygen present, a cell will continue to make energy through this process only.
glycolysis
Which of the following do/does not require oxygen?
anaerobic respiration
glycolysis
alcoholic fermentation
lactic acid fermentation
Of the reactants and products or cellular respiration below, which are considered MATTER?
water
carbon dioxide
oxygen
glucose
(all except ATP)
Of the reactants and products or cellular respiration below, which are considered ENERGY?
glucose
ATP
True or False: All organisms have the same DNA structure.
True
The sugar and phosphate backbone of DNA are held together by ________ bonds.
covalent
If the DNA in a human genome contains 22% cytosine, what percentage of the genome will contain thymine?
28%
Place the steps of DNA replication in the correct order.
- DNA double helix unwinds at certain points
- Helicase breaks bonds between base pairs
- DNA polymerase adds free nucleotides to the growing strand of DNA
- Ligase facilitates hydrogen bonding between base pairs
“Unzips” double stranded DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogen base pairs.
Helicase
Proofreads replicated DNA strand to check for mistakes.
DNA polymerase
“Glues” replicated strand and parent strand back together.
Ligase
The process of DNA replication can be described as this type of model.
Semi-conservative
DNA replication always takes place in this direction on the DNA strands.
5’ to 3’
Carries the information from the DNA to the ribosome.
mRNA
Structural (non-coding) RNA that is the main component of ribosomes.
rRNA
Carries an amino acid to add to the polypeptide chain.
tRNA
Product of transcription.
mRNA
Contains an anticodon.
tRNA
What is the nature of the mutation that causes Sickle Cell Anemia?
Substitution mutation causing a change in a single amino acid.
True or False: The cells of all organisms are roughly the same size.
True
Which of the following is the form that a cell’s DNA must be in for the process of cell division?
Chromosomes
Made up of mitosis and cytokinesis
Miotic (M) Phase
Made up of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Mitosis
Division of the cytoplasm
Cytokenisis
Cells carry out normal functions and replicate their organelles
G1
Made up of G1, S and G2
Interphase
Division of the nucleus
Mitosis
Cell continues to grow and prepares to divide
G2
DNA is copied or replicated
S phase
Nucleus and cytoplasm divide
M Phase
Where do cancer cells come from? Choose ALL that apply.
cells with mutated DNA
cells with damaged genes
cells with inherited mutations
Cancer with the highest death rate in 1960.
Lung and bronchus
Cancer that has seen the largest decrease in deaths since 1950.
Stomach
Cancer death rates are currently decreasing for all types except pancreatic and this type.
Liver
This cancer had the lowest death rate in 1942.
Leukemia
Clumps formed by cancer cells.
Tumor
Can metastasize to form new tumors.
Malignant Tumor
Clumps of cancers cells that do not spread.
Benign Tumor
Substance capable of causing cancer.
Carcinogen
Disease of the cell cycle characterized by uncontrollable cell division.
Cancer
Programed cell death
apoptosis
During which phase of the cell cycle is the DNA most vulnerable to mutations that could cause cancer?
S
meiosis- Homologous chromosome pairs come close together and exchange parts of their chromosomes.
prophase 1
meiosis- Two new nuclear membranes begin to form.
telophase 1
meiosis- Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite sides.
anaphase II
meiosis- Independent assortment occurs.
metaphase 1
