AP HUGS unit 7a test Flashcards
The hearth of industrial revolution
great britain, a country in Western Europe
Great Britain’s financial capital
empire and participation in global trade-factor that contributed to the country becoming the starting point for the Industrial Revolution
Great Britain’s natural resources
coal, iron-factor that contributed to the country becoming the starting point for the Industrial Revolution
Great Britain’s technological advancements
steam engine-factor that contributed to the country becoming the starting point for the Industrial Revolution
site characteristics
adequate wealth, presence of industrial natural resources, and access to new industrial technologies. Factors that you see on site
situation characteristics
the specific context and circumstances surrounding an event, idea, or development during a particular period in history (connection to ports)
industrialization spread to a few regions of the world that had similar_______ and _______
site and situation
Secondary hearths of industrialization
North America(USA), Eastern Europe(Russia and Ukraine), and East Asia(Japan)
Prime Mover advantage
the benefit first innovators or first in a market have over later entries.
Prime Mover advantage contributed to the…
uneven economic development
The Industrial Revolution contributed to…
Second Agricultural Revolution and the Second Urban Revolutions that took place in its primary and secondary hearths.
Along with improved farming techniques, new industrial farming technologies contributed to…
increasing food supplies
change in food supplies caused…
crude death rates to lower, move into stage 2, acceleration population growth
New industrially-made farming technologies encouraged farmers to…
movement from capital to labor (reduces jobs in rural areas)
Industrialization created ___ factors in rural areas and ___ factors in urbanized
push, pull
internal migration from _______ places to ______ places.
rural, urban
factor that caused countries to seek or expand colonies in the late nineteenth century
increasing need for raw goods, and finished goods in markets
Economic activity associated with the provision of services
tertiary economic activity
Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment
primary economic activity
Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished products
secondary economic activity
Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital.
quaternary economic activity
Service sector industries associated with top-level decision making that requires a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill.
quinary economic activity
finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.
quaternary economic activity
high-level management.
quinary economic activity
manufacturing
secondary economic activity
mining, fishing, lumbering, and agriculture.
primary economic activity
transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.
tertiary economic activity
Semiperiphery
Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery.
core
Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth than other processes in the world-economy.
perphiary
Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than other processes in the world-economy.
Alfred Weber’s least cost theory
study
Examples of jobs in the primary sector
Farmers, coal mines, fishermen, lumberjacks
Examples of jobs in the secondary sector
Manufacturing
Examples of jobs in the tertiary sector
Lawyers, doctors, services, Uber drivers
Examples of jobs in the quarentary sector
Professors, journalists, finance
Examples of jobs in the quinary sector
President, CEO, executive, politician
What is the primary sector?
Jobs and activities that involve extracting natural resources from the Earth
Examples include coal mining, fishing, and agriculture.
What activities are included in the secondary sector?
Jobs and activities that take raw resources to produce or manufacture products of greater value
Examples include turning lumber into plywood and manufacturing jam from berries.
Define value-added products.
Products that have been processed in a way that increases their overall value
Examples include processed foods and manufactured goods.
What characterizes the tertiary sector?
Jobs and activities that provide a service for other individuals
Examples include lawyers, servers, and Uber drivers.
What is the focus of the quaternary sector?
Jobs and activities that revolve around acquiring, processing, and sharing information
Examples include professors, journalists, and information technology professionals.
What types of jobs are found in the quinary sector?
Jobs and activities that revolve around making decisions
Examples include presidents, CEOs, and other high-level decision-makers.
Fill in the blank: The _______ sector involves extracting natural resources from the Earth.
Primary Sector
True or False: The tertiary sector includes manufacturing jobs.
False
The tertiary sector focuses on providing services, not manufacturing.
Which sector is primarily focused on information processing?
Quaternary Sector
List three examples of jobs in the secondary sector.
- Manufacturing
- Construction
- Food processing
Describe the main activities of the quinary sector.
Jobs related to decision-making and high-level management
These roles often involve significant responsibility and strategic planning.
What term describes the economic phase characterized by a shift from manufacturing to services?
Post Industrial
What is deindustrialization?
The process of declining industrial activity in a region or economy
In a pre-industrial economy, what is the primary type of labor force?
Agricultural labor
What does the term ‘industrial’ refer to in an economic context?
A phase characterized by the growth of manufacturing industries
Fill in the blank: The labor force in a __________ economy is primarily focused on manufacturing.
Industrial
What is the primary economic focus of the tertiary or service sector?
Providing services rather than goods
What does ‘labor force’ refer to?
The total number of people employed or seeking employment
What is one characteristic of a post-industrial labor force?
Increased focus on service-oriented jobs
What are the three tiers in the global economic structure?
Core, Semi-periphery, Periphery
These tiers categorize countries based on their economic development and role in the global economy.
What is the description of Core Countries?
Highly developed, economically advanced
Core countries typically dominate global trade and have strong infrastructure.
List three examples of Core Countries.
- North America
- Western Europe
- Japan
These regions represent the most economically powerful nations.
What characterizes Semi-periphery Countries?
Moderately developed, emerging economies
These countries often exhibit characteristics of both core and periphery nations.
Name three examples of Semi-periphery Countries.
- China
- Brazil
- Mexico
These countries are significant players in global trade but are not as economically dominant as core countries.
What defines Periphery Countries?
Less developed, economically dependent
Periphery countries often rely on core countries for economic support and trade.
List three examples of Periphery Countries.
- Africa
- Middle Eastern nations
- parts of Asia
These regions face challenges such as political instability and economic dependence.
Fill in the blank: Core Countries include North America, Western Europe, and _______.
Japan
True or False: Semi-periphery countries are fully developed and economically independent.
False
Semi-periphery countries are not as developed as core countries and often exhibit mixed characteristics.
What is the role of Core Countries in the global economy?
Dominant players in trade and finance
Core countries have significant influence over global economic policies.
What is a Bulk Gaining Good?
A product that becomes heavier and more expensive to transport
Examples include beverages, assembled products, or any item that increases in weight during production.
What is a Bulk Reducing Good?
A product that becomes lighter and cheaper to transport
Examples include raw materials like minerals or logs that lose weight during processing.
What is Weber’s Least Cost Theory?
A theory that suggests companies choose locations based on minimizing transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs
This theory often overlooks other important factors such as government policies and resource availability.
What are criticisms of Weber’s Least Cost Theory?
Oversimplification, neglect of various factors, and reliance on outdated assumptions
Critics argue that it fails to account for factors like government policies, local labor markets, and environmental considerations.
Why might a company choose a more expensive location for a factory?
To benefit from factors such as skilled labor, proximity to markets, or favorable government policies
Companies may prioritize long-term strategic advantages over immediate cost savings.
Fill in the blank: A _______ Good becomes lighter and cheaper to transport.
Bulk Reducing
True or False: All companies prioritize transportation costs when choosing a factory location.
False
What factors might influence a company’s decision on factory location aside from transportation costs?
- Skilled labor availability
- Market proximity
- Government policies
- Resource accessibility
Companies often weigh multiple factors beyond just cost.
Four benchmarks to measure global gender gap
1. Economic participation and opportunity
2. Educational alignment
3.health and survival
4. Political empowerment
What is a bank account?
A safe and secure place to hold money.
What are obstacles for women in accessing financial resources?
Higher gender gaps and systemic barriers.
What is the importance of having a bank account for women?
It provides a means to save, access credit, and participate in the economy.
Define microloans.
Small loans typically offered to individuals lacking access to traditional banking.
What is the importance of microloans in closing the gender gap?
They provide women access to credit and entrepreneurial opportunities.
Define microfinancing.
Financial services aimed at low-income individuals or those without access to typical banking services.
What is the importance of microfinancing in closing the gender gap?
It empowers women to engage in economic activities and improve their livelihoods.
What role do NGOs play in closing the gender gap?
They provide support, resources, and advocacy for women’s financial inclusion.
Fill in the blank: Microloans help women to _______ in the economy.
participate
True or False: Microfinancing only benefits women.
False
List some services included in microfinancing.
- Access to credit
- Savings accounts
- Financial education
What skills are often enhanced through workshops by NGOs?
Leadership skills and negotiation skills.
Fill in the blank: A bank account serves as a _______ to manage finances.
tool
What are common features of microloans?
- Small amounts
- Short repayment periods
- Targeted at low-income individuals
What are Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth?
A model that outlines five stages of economic development: 1. Traditional Society 2. Preconditions for Take-off 3. Take-off 4. Drive to Maturity 5. Age of High Mass Consumption
Rostow’s model is used to analyze the economic development of countries.
What is the first stage of Rostow’s model?
Traditional Society
This stage is characterized by subsistence agriculture and a static society.
What defines the second stage in Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth?
Preconditions for Take-off
This stage involves the introduction of infrastructure and investment in various sectors.
What is the third stage of economic growth according to Rostow?
Take-off
During this stage, rapid growth occurs in a limited number of sectors.
What occurs during the Drive to Maturity stage?
Expansion of industries and the economy diversifying
This stage typically lasts several decades and sees technological advancements.
What characterizes the Age of High Mass Consumption?
Consumer-oriented economy with high levels of disposable income
This is the final stage where the economy focuses on consumer goods and services.
True or False: Rostow’s model includes four stages of economic growth.
False
Rostow’s model consists of five distinct stages.
Fill in the blank: The stage where society begins to invest in infrastructure and education is called _______.
Preconditions for Take-off
This is crucial for enabling further economic development.
What is a key feature of the Take-off stage?
Rapid industrial growth
This stage is marked by significant investments and increased manufacturing.
List the five stages of Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth.
- Traditional Society
- Preconditions for Take-off
- Take-off
- Drive to Maturity
- Age of High Mass Consumption
Each stage represents a different level of economic development.
What are Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth?
A theory that outlines five stages through which economies progress: 1. Traditional Society 2. Preconditions for Take-off 3. Take-off 4. Drive to Maturity 5. Age of High Mass Consumption
Rostow’s model focuses on the linear progression of economic development.
What is the first stage of Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth?
Traditional Society
Characterized by subsistence agriculture and a stagnant society with limited technology.
What is the second stage of Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth?
Preconditions for Take-off
Involves the establishment of infrastructure and investment in industries.
What is the third stage of Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth?
Take-off
Marked by rapid industrial growth and the emergence of new industries.
What is the fourth stage of Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth?
Drive to Maturity
Involves diversification of the economy and the development of a more sophisticated industrial base.
What is the fifth stage of Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth?
Age of High Mass Consumption
Characterized by a shift towards consumer-oriented industries and higher living standards.
What is a key value of Rostow’s model?
Provides a framework for understanding economic development stages
It helps policymakers identify where their country stands in terms of economic growth.
What is a limitation of Rostow’s model?
Oversimplification of economic development
The model does not account for varying cultural, social, and political factors that influence economic growth.
True or False: Rostow’s model is universally applicable to all countries.
False
The model’s linear progression may not fit the unique circumstances of all nations.
Fill in the blank: The _______ stage of Rostow’s model is characterized by rapid industrial growth.
Take-off
This stage is crucial for transitioning from agriculture to more advanced economic activities.
List the five stages of Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth.
- Traditional Society
- Preconditions for Take-off
- Take-off
- Drive to Maturity
- Age of High Mass Consumption
Each stage represents a significant shift in economic structure and function.
Impact of dependency theory on core countries
Core countries use their economic power to exploit the semi periphery and periphery countries. This causes uneven trade relationships and investments
Impact of dependency theory an periphery and semi-perphiery countries
Core countries exploit them and they cannot stand up for. themselves due to unequal power balance
