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UW classes > Bio Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Bio Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA is…

A

semiconservative

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2
Q

DNA has a ___________ backbone

A

sugar-phosphate

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3
Q

base pairs on DNA are joined by

A

hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

the sugar-phosphate backbone is joined by

A

covalent phosphodiester bonds

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5
Q

A:T have ____ hydrogen bonds

A

2

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6
Q

C:G have ______ hydrogen bonds

A

3

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7
Q

A:

A

adenine

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8
Q

T:

A

thymine

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9
Q

C:

A

cytosine

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10
Q

G:

A

guanine

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11
Q

chromatin is…

A

fibers of DNA

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12
Q

a chromatid is…

A

DNA wrapped around proteins called histones and nucleosomes

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13
Q

a chromosome is…

A

two sister chromatids attached by a centromere

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14
Q

homologous

A

having the same information

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15
Q

a chromosome is made up of

A

2 homologous chromatids

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16
Q

sex cells are…

A

haploid

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17
Q

Mitosis phases

A

PMATC

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18
Q

Prophase major developments:

A

centrioles appear, nuclear envelope dissolves, chromosomes appear

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19
Q

Metaphase major developments:

A

centrioles produce spindle fibers, spindles push chromosomes to middle, chromosomes line up along metaphase plate

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20
Q

Anaphase major developments:

A

chromosomes are broken into chromatids, chromatids move to opposite sides, each side gets one homologous chromatid

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21
Q

Telophase major developments:

A

nucleus reforms, cell membrane pinches in, still sharing cytosol

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22
Q

chromatids “move” because…

A

kinetochores in the centromere destroys spindle fibers

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23
Q

Cytokinesis:

A

cell membrane separates forming 2 identical cells

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24
Q

organism

A

a living entity made up of cells

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25
Q

theory

A

an explanation for a very broad class of observed phenomena that is supported by a wide body of evidence

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26
Q

experiments

A

allow researchers to test the effect of a single, well-defined factor on a particular phenomenon

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27
Q

hypothesis

A

a statement that can be tested by scientific research

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28
Q

control

A

checks for factors that might influence the outcome of the experiment

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29
Q

the experimental conditions must be…

A

as constant as possible

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30
Q

x-axis

A

independent variable

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31
Q

y-axis

A

dependent variable

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32
Q

scatterplots

A

continuous data

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33
Q

bar charts

A

discontinuous data/categories

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34
Q

histograms

A

show frequencies in populations

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35
Q

standard error

A

indicates the uncertainty in a calculated mean

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36
Q

standard deviation

A

an estimate of the variability of the population that the sample was taken from

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37
Q

p-value

A

probability of getting various values of the test statistic if the null hypothesis is correct

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38
Q

a difference among treatment groups is statistically significant if…

A

there is less than a 5% probability of observing it by chance

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39
Q

artificial selection

A

manipulating the composition of the population by selecting individuals with desirable traits to reproduce

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40
Q

natural selection

A

individuals with certain heritable traits produce more offspring than do individuals without these traits

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41
Q

evolution by natural selection is a change in…

A

allele frequencies in a population

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42
Q

evolution by natural selection occurs when heritable variation leads to…

A

differential reproductive success

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43
Q

biological fitness

A

the ability of an individual to produce surviving, fertile offspring relative to that ability in other individuals in the population

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44
Q

Adaptation

A

a heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment relative to individuals lacking the trait

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45
Q

adaptation increases

A

fitness

46
Q

only ______ can evolve

A

populations

47
Q

Polygenic

A

many genes that exert a relatively small effect influence the trait

48
Q

heredity

A

transmission of traits from parent to offspring

49
Q

trait

A

any observable characteristic of an individual ranging from outward appearance to molecular characteristics

50
Q

Model organism

A

a species that is used for research because it is easy to work with and conclusions drawn from studying it may apply to many other species

51
Q

polymorphic trait

A

when one trait appears commonly in two or more different forms

52
Q

phenotype

A

observable traits in an individual

53
Q

pure line

A

individuals that produce offspring identical to the parents when they are crossed to another member of the same pure-line population or self-fertilized

54
Q

hybrids

A

offspring from matings between the true-breeding parents that differ in one or more traits

55
Q

parental generation

A

individuals used in initial cross

56
Q

F1

A

first filial, progeny of parental generation

57
Q

F2

A

second filial, progeny of f1

58
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

a cross that produces a hybrid for a single trait

59
Q

reciprocal cross

A

a set of matings in which the mother’s phenotype in the initial cross is the father’s phenotype in a subsequent cross

60
Q

Particulate inheritance

A

hereditary determinants maintain their integrity from generation to generation and act as discrete, unchanging particles

61
Q

gene

A

hereditary determinant of a trait

62
Q

alleles

A

different versions of the same gene

63
Q

genotype

A

the combination of alleles found in an individual

64
Q

principle of segregation

A

two members of each gene pair must segregate into different gamete cells during the formation of eggs and sperm

65
Q

the principle of segregation occurs during…

A

anaphase 1 and 2

66
Q

homozygous

A

having two copies of the same allele

67
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for the same gene

68
Q

dihybrid

A

F1 individuals that are heterozygous for both genes

69
Q

dihybrid cross

A

mating between dihybrids

70
Q

principle of independent assortment

A

alleles of different genes are transmitted independently of one another, producing 4 phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1

71
Q

the principle of independent assortment occurs during…

A

metaphase 1

72
Q

testcross

A

a parent with a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype is crossed with a parent that contributes only recessive alleles

73
Q

meiosis

A

nuclear division that leads to a halving of chromosome numbers and ultimately to the production of sperm and egg

74
Q

karyotype

A

the number and types of chromosomes in a cell

75
Q

haploid number

A

the number of distinct types of chromosomes

76
Q

ploidy

A

the number of chromosome sets

77
Q

zygote

A

the diploid cell that results from fertilization

78
Q

wild type

A

common phenotype

79
Q

mutation

A

a heritable change in a gene

80
Q

mutant

A

an individual with an unusual phenotype due to a mutation

81
Q

genetic locus

A

a particular position on a chromosome

82
Q

linkage

A

the tendency of alleles of particular genes to be inherited together

83
Q

recombinant chromosomes

A

generated during crossing over in prophase of meiosis 1

84
Q

genetic map

A

a diagram showing the relative positions of genes along a particular chromosome

85
Q

multiple allelism

A

the existence of more than two common alleles of the same gene

86
Q

pleiotropic

A

a gene that influences many traits

87
Q

gene interactions

A

when two or more genes influence a single trait

88
Q

chromosome theory of inheritance

A

hereditary information is encoded in units called genes that are located on chromosomes

89
Q

central dogma

A

DNA codes for RNA, RNA codes for proteins

90
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

chemical energy

91
Q

species

A

distinct, identifiable types of organisms

92
Q

deoxyribonucleotides are…

A

monomers that polymerize to form DNA

93
Q

3 nucleic acids code for…

A

1 amino acid

94
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

single-stranded molecules of RNA carry information out of the nucleus from DNA to the site of the protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

95
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that uses DNA to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule

96
Q

transcription

A

the process of using a DNA template to make an RNA molecule that has a base sequence complementary to the DNA

97
Q

translation

A

the process of using the information in the base sequence of mRNA to synthesize proteins

98
Q

mutation cause a change in…

A

genotype and create new alleles

99
Q

point mutation

A

a mutation that alters the sequence of one or a short number of base pairs

100
Q

Missense mutation

A

a point mutation that changes the identity of an amino acid in a protein

101
Q

frameshift mutation

A

a mutation that shifts the reading frame

101
Q

silent mutation

A

a point mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of the gene product

102
Q

nonsense mutation

A

occurs when a codon that specifies an amino acid is changed to a stop codon

103
Q

3 categories of mutations:

A

beneficial, neutral, deleterious

104
Q

aneuploidy

A

the addition/deletion of individual chromosomes

105
Q

4 major structural changes after chromosome mutation:

A

deletion, inversion, duplication, translocation

106
Q

overlapping standard error bars

A

cannot reject the null hypothesis

107
Q

crossing over is the physical basis of…

A

recombination

108
Q

structural region of a gene

A

codes for an RNA or protein that functions in the cell

109
Q

regulatory region of a gene

A

is responsible for the expression of a gene

UW classes (4 decks)

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