Bio Lecture Slides Series 3 Flashcards
_____ is a branch of organic chemistry.
Biochemistry
Organic molecules contain mostly _____, _____ and _____.
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Inorganic molecules do not contain _____.
Carbon (Ex. H20)
What are the two exceptions to the rule that inorganic molecules do not contain carbon?
CO2 and CO
Carbon with 4 valence e- can make up to _____ bonds.
4
Carbon is so versatile, it will bond with _____.
itself
Carbon forms both long _____ and various _____.
chains; rings
_____ forms the backbone of many organic molecules.
Carbon
Which types of bonds can carbon form?
single, double, triple
Carbon chains can be branched. True or false?
True
_____ are the basic repeating units all organic molecules have.
Monomers
_____ are formed by joining monomers.
Polymers
Polymers are formed through an important reaction called _____ _____.
dehydration synthesis
Organic molecules have attached groups called _____ _____.
functional groups
_____ _____ impart certain chemical characteristics to organic molecules.
Functional groups
Hydroxyl is a functional group that is found in _____ and _____.
alcohol, sugars
Carboxyl is a functional group that is found in _____ and _____.
amino acids, fatty acids
Amino is a functional group that is found in _____ and _____.
amino acids, proteins
Phosphate is a functional group that is found in _____ and _____.
ATP, nucleic acids
_____ _____ always impart the same characteristics or react in the same way regardless of what organic molecule they are attached to.
Functional groups
Hydroxyls while _____ themselves give hydrophillic characteristics to organic molecules.
insoluble
Carboxyl groups are hydrophillic and acid-forming. True or false?
True.
_____ _____ joins monomers of all types of organic molecules by the removal of a hydroxyl and a hydrogen which immediately form a water molecule.
Dehydration synthesis
_____ breaks apart polymers into monomers.
Hydrolysis (A water molecule is added resulting in the addition of a hydroxyl and a hydrogen.)
Organic molecules function _____ – they form the cell structures and bodies of organisms.
structurally
Organic molecules do not serve as energy sources. True or false?
False. They also function as cellular workers facilitating and enhancing the biochemical pathways in cells.
Organic molecules, biological molecules, macromolecules and polymers are all synonyms. True or false?
True, there are 4 categories – carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Glucose, fructose and maltose are all _____.
monomers or simple sugars
Single sugars are also known as _____.
monosaccharides
The primary function of monosaccharides is as an immediate _____ source for animals and structural for plants.
energy
Disaccharides and polysaccharides are also known as _____.
polymers
The sugars ribose and deoxyribose of RNA and DNA, respectively, are examples of _____.
simple sugars
All monomers of _____ are linked together via dehydration synthesis and broken apart by hydrolysis.
carbohydrates
True or false: Carbohydrates may be hydrophillic or hydrophobic.
True
_____ is the most common monomer and therefore one of the most important.
Glucose. It is also, the sugar that nourishes the cells of most animals i.e. blood sugar.
Bread (wheat), rice, potatoes, corn and pasta are examples of _____ carbohydrates.
digestible
Cellulose (plant fiber) & chitin are examples of _____ carbohydrates.
indigestible
Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are examples of _____.
disaccharides
What is composed of 1 glucose & 1 fructose?
table sugar or sucrose
What does it mean to be lactose intolerant?
People who are lactose intolerant don’t produce lactase and can’t break the bond between two sugars.
_____ is milk sugar, composed of 1 glucose and 1 galactose.
lactose
Starch is a _____ _____ of glucose molecules.
branching chain
_____ is “liver starch” highly branched form of starch stored in the liver by animals.
glycogen
Multiple branching in _____ increases the action of the enzymes and makes it highly accessible form.
polysaccharides
What is a chain of glucose molecules that alternates monomer orientation?
cellulose
Cellulose is _____ to gastrointestinal animals but greatly utilized by ruminants.
indigestible
What are animals with a 4 part stomach that harbors microbes who possess the enzymes that can break down cellulose?
ruminants
Bovines, sheep, goat, and deer are all examples of _____.
ruminants
Cellulose, while indigestible to humans and other animals, is an important source of _____ for humans.
fiber
_____ is an indigestible carbohydrate found in the exoskeleton of insects, in the shells of crabs etc. and in the cell wall of fungi.
chitin
Fats, oils, and waxes, are all examples of _____.
lipids
The monomers of _____ are glycerols and fatty acids joined together by dehydration synthesis and broken apart by hydrolysis.
lipids
_____ are highly hydrophobic because of long non-polar hydrocarbon chains.
lipids
_____ may be classified as saturated and unsaturated.
lipids
Unsaturated fats are _____ at room temperature.
liquid
Saturated fats are _____ at room temperature.
solid
A triglyceride is a _____ fat.
saturated
_____ have 3 fatty acid tails and are used for long term E storage.
triglyerices
Unsaturated fats have double bonded _____ in their chains that keep the tails “kinky” or free-flowing.
carbons
_____ are composed of four carbon ring skeletons and functional groups.
steroids
A precursor of steroids is _____.
cholesterol
Steroid _____ include estrogen and testosterone along with anabolic steroids which are synthetic testosterone.
hormones
Cholesterol is a component of all _____ cell membranes.
animal
The least healthy fats are _____ and _____.
transfats, hydrogenated
_____ are oils that have been saturated through a chemical process (hydrogenation).
hydrogenated or transfats
The hydrogenation process causes transfats to catch easier in plaque deposits because of their _____ structure.
zig-zag
_____ are special lipids that have a hydrophillic head and 2 hydrophobic tails.
Phospholipids
Phospholipid bilayers form the basis of _____ membranes.
cell
Fatty acid tails point _____ from water outside and inside.
away
Monomers are not proteins. True or false?
False, monomers are proteins and also amino acids.
There are _____ different amino acids that form all the types of proteins.
20
_____ serve more functions than any other biological molecule.
proteins
Proteins have _____ functions.
6
The structural function of protein support examples are _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , and _____ .
spiderweb, hair, skin, muscles, fingernails.
Human body has _____ different enzymes.
75,000
Describe metabolic protein function.
Enzymes which serve as biological catalyst (catalyst speeds up or reduces amount of E needed for the reaction to take place.
Describe the transport protein function.
as a component of the cell membrane, helps bring substances across the membrane
An example of the transport protein function is _____.
Hemoglobin makes up red blood cells and carries O2
An example of the defense protein function is _____.
Antibodies destroy proteins of foreign invading organisms
An example of the regulation protein function is _____.
Growth hormones that serve as intercellular messengers Ex. Insulin that regulates glucose concentration in blood
An example of the motion protein function is _____.
Motor proteins and contractile proteins like actin and myosin, help organisms of all types move. Ex. Myosin and actin are found in muscle tissue.
A peptide, polypeptide and proteins are all _____.
synonyms
Protein chemistry is all about _____ – proteins have a distinctive 3 dimensional structure.
shape
Proteins are structured at _____ levels.
4
Amino acid order and the growing of the amino acid chain bending due to interactions like hydrogen bonds are which two levels of protein structure?
The first and the second levels
The chain interactions becoming stronger, twisting and folding and short chains joined to form the final product are which two levels of protein structure?
the third and the fourth levels
Protein’s 3-dimensional shape is linked to its function and anything that changes the shape of a protein will also destroy its functioning ability. This is called _____.
denaturing
Heat, cold, very low or high pH, extreme saltiness are all causes of protein _____.
denaturing
The three parts of a nucleotide are _____ , _____ , _____.
Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, Nitrogen containing base
5 different bases are _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , ____ .
Adenine (A), thymine (T)•Cytosine (C), guanine (G)•Uracil (U) – only found in RNA where it replaces thymine.
DNA is a double chain of _____.
nucleotides
DNA – has four bases A, T, C, G. True or false?
True
Name the two kinds of nucleic acid polymers.
DNA and RNA
There are _____ types of RNA.
3 (mRNA – messenger RNA; tRNA – transfer RNA; rRNA – ribosomal RNA)
The 3 types of RNA cooperate to produce a _____ or _____.
protein or peptide.
Sequence of bases in DNA determines sequence of amino acids in a _____.
protein
Sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s _____ and _____.
structure and function
DNA is organized into _____ – segments of the molecule that code for specific proteins and therefore traits of organisms.
genes
_____ are DNA molecules that have condensed before cell division and are visible under the light microscope.
chromosomes
Small changes in the _____ may cause large changes in a protein.
DNA
A permanent change in a DNA molecule is called a _____.
mutation
Sickle cell disease is an example of a _____.
mutation
Nucleotides carry _____.
energy
_____ carries energy stored in bonds between phosphate groups; this is the main E carrier molecule of cells.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
These two molecules transport energized electrons in reactions like photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; FAD – flavin adenine dinucleotide
