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Intro to Bio > Bio Lecture Slides Series 3 > Flashcards

Bio Lecture Slides Series 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_____ is a branch of organic chemistry.

A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

Organic molecules contain mostly _____, _____ and _____.

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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3
Q

Inorganic molecules do not contain _____.

A

Carbon (Ex. H20)

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4
Q

What are the two exceptions to the rule that inorganic molecules do not contain carbon?

A

CO2 and CO

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5
Q

Carbon with 4 valence e- can make up to _____ bonds.

A

4

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6
Q

Carbon is so versatile, it will bond with _____.

A

itself

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7
Q

Carbon forms both long _____ and various _____.

A

chains; rings

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8
Q

_____ forms the backbone of many organic molecules.

A

Carbon

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9
Q

Which types of bonds can carbon form?

A

single, double, triple

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10
Q

Carbon chains can be branched. True or false?

A

True

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11
Q

_____ are the basic repeating units all organic molecules have.

A

Monomers

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12
Q

_____ are formed by joining monomers.

A

Polymers

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13
Q

Polymers are formed through an important reaction called _____ _____.

A

dehydration synthesis

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14
Q

Organic molecules have attached groups called _____ _____.

A

functional groups

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15
Q

_____ _____ impart certain chemical characteristics to organic molecules.

A

Functional groups

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16
Q

Hydroxyl is a functional group that is found in _____ and _____.

A

alcohol, sugars

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17
Q

Carboxyl is a functional group that is found in _____ and _____.

A

amino acids, fatty acids

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18
Q

Amino is a functional group that is found in _____ and _____.

A

amino acids, proteins

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19
Q

Phosphate is a functional group that is found in _____ and _____.

A

ATP, nucleic acids

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20
Q

_____ _____ always impart the same characteristics or react in the same way regardless of what organic molecule they are attached to.

A

Functional groups

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21
Q

Hydroxyls while _____ themselves give hydrophillic characteristics to organic molecules.

A

insoluble

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22
Q

Carboxyl groups are hydrophillic and acid-forming. True or false?

A

True.

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23
Q

_____ _____ joins monomers of all types of organic molecules by the removal of a hydroxyl and a hydrogen which immediately form a water molecule.

A

Dehydration synthesis

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24
Q

_____ breaks apart polymers into monomers.

A

Hydrolysis (A water molecule is added resulting in the addition of a hydroxyl and a hydrogen.)

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25
Q

Organic molecules function _____ – they form the cell structures and bodies of organisms.

A

structurally

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26
Q

Organic molecules do not serve as energy sources. True or false?

A

False. They also function as cellular workers facilitating and enhancing the biochemical pathways in cells.

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27
Q

Organic molecules, biological molecules, macromolecules and polymers are all synonyms. True or false?

A

True, there are 4 categories – carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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28
Q

Glucose, fructose and maltose are all _____.

A

monomers or simple sugars

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29
Q

Single sugars are also known as _____.

A

monosaccharides

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30
Q

The primary function of monosaccharides is as an immediate _____ source for animals and structural for plants.

A

energy

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31
Q

Disaccharides and polysaccharides are also known as _____.

A

polymers

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32
Q

The sugars ribose and deoxyribose of RNA and DNA, respectively, are examples of _____.

A

simple sugars

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33
Q

All monomers of _____ are linked together via dehydration synthesis and broken apart by hydrolysis.

A

carbohydrates

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34
Q

True or false: Carbohydrates may be hydrophillic or hydrophobic.

A

True

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35
Q

_____ is the most common monomer and therefore one of the most important.

A

Glucose. It is also, the sugar that nourishes the cells of most animals i.e. blood sugar.

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36
Q

Bread (wheat), rice, potatoes, corn and pasta are examples of _____ carbohydrates.

A

digestible

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37
Q

Cellulose (plant fiber) & chitin are examples of _____ carbohydrates.

A

indigestible

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38
Q

Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are examples of _____.

A

disaccharides

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39
Q

What is composed of 1 glucose & 1 fructose?

A

table sugar or sucrose

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40
Q

What does it mean to be lactose intolerant?

A

People who are lactose intolerant don’t produce lactase and can’t break the bond between two sugars.

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41
Q

_____ is milk sugar, composed of 1 glucose and 1 galactose.

A

lactose

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42
Q

Starch is a _____ _____ of glucose molecules.

A

branching chain

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43
Q

_____ is “liver starch” highly branched form of starch stored in the liver by animals.

A

glycogen

44
Q

Multiple branching in _____ increases the action of the enzymes and makes it highly accessible form.

A

polysaccharides

45
Q

What is a chain of glucose molecules that alternates monomer orientation?

A

cellulose

46
Q

Cellulose is _____ to gastrointestinal animals but greatly utilized by ruminants.

A

indigestible

47
Q

What are animals with a 4 part stomach that harbors microbes who possess the enzymes that can break down cellulose?

A

ruminants

48
Q

Bovines, sheep, goat, and deer are all examples of _____.

A

ruminants

49
Q

Cellulose, while indigestible to humans and other animals, is an important source of _____ for humans.

A

fiber

50
Q

_____ is an indigestible carbohydrate found in the exoskeleton of insects, in the shells of crabs etc. and in the cell wall of fungi.

A

chitin

51
Q

Fats, oils, and waxes, are all examples of _____.

A

lipids

52
Q

The monomers of _____ are glycerols and fatty acids joined together by dehydration synthesis and broken apart by hydrolysis.

A

lipids

53
Q

_____ are highly hydrophobic because of long non-polar hydrocarbon chains.

A

lipids

54
Q

_____ may be classified as saturated and unsaturated.

A

lipids

55
Q

Unsaturated fats are _____ at room temperature.

A

liquid

56
Q

Saturated fats are _____ at room temperature.

A

solid

57
Q

A triglyceride is a _____ fat.

A

saturated

58
Q

_____ have 3 fatty acid tails and are used for long term E storage.

A

triglyerices

59
Q

Unsaturated fats have double bonded _____ in their chains that keep the tails “kinky” or free-flowing.

A

carbons

60
Q

_____ are composed of four carbon ring skeletons and functional groups.

A

steroids

61
Q

A precursor of steroids is _____.

A

cholesterol

62
Q

Steroid _____ include estrogen and testosterone along with anabolic steroids which are synthetic testosterone.

A

hormones

63
Q

Cholesterol is a component of all _____ cell membranes.

A

animal

64
Q

The least healthy fats are _____ and _____.

A

transfats, hydrogenated

65
Q

_____ are oils that have been saturated through a chemical process (hydrogenation).

A

hydrogenated or transfats

66
Q

The hydrogenation process causes transfats to catch easier in plaque deposits because of their _____ structure.

A

zig-zag

67
Q

_____ are special lipids that have a hydrophillic head and 2 hydrophobic tails.

A

Phospholipids

68
Q

Phospholipid bilayers form the basis of _____ membranes.

A

cell

69
Q

Fatty acid tails point _____ from water outside and inside.

A

away

70
Q

Monomers are not proteins. True or false?

A

False, monomers are proteins and also amino acids.

71
Q

There are _____ different amino acids that form all the types of proteins.

A

20

72
Q

_____ serve more functions than any other biological molecule.

A

proteins

73
Q

Proteins have _____ functions.

A

6

74
Q

The structural function of protein support examples are _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , and _____ .

A

spiderweb, hair, skin, muscles, fingernails.

75
Q

Human body has _____ different enzymes.

A

75,000

76
Q

Describe metabolic protein function.

A

Enzymes which serve as biological catalyst (catalyst speeds up or reduces amount of E needed for the reaction to take place.

77
Q

Describe the transport protein function.

A

as a component of the cell membrane, helps bring substances across the membrane

78
Q

An example of the transport protein function is _____.

A

Hemoglobin makes up red blood cells and carries O2

79
Q

An example of the defense protein function is _____.

A

Antibodies destroy proteins of foreign invading organisms

80
Q

An example of the regulation protein function is _____.

A

Growth hormones that serve as intercellular messengers Ex. Insulin that regulates glucose concentration in blood

81
Q

An example of the motion protein function is _____.

A

Motor proteins and contractile proteins like actin and myosin, help organisms of all types move. Ex. Myosin and actin are found in muscle tissue.

82
Q

A peptide, polypeptide and proteins are all _____.

A

synonyms

83
Q

Protein chemistry is all about _____ – proteins have a distinctive 3 dimensional structure.

A

shape

84
Q

Proteins are structured at _____ levels.

A

4

85
Q

Amino acid order and the growing of the amino acid chain bending due to interactions like hydrogen bonds are which two levels of protein structure?

A

The first and the second levels

86
Q

The chain interactions becoming stronger, twisting and folding and short chains joined to form the final product are which two levels of protein structure?

A

the third and the fourth levels

87
Q

Protein’s 3-dimensional shape is linked to its function and anything that changes the shape of a protein will also destroy its functioning ability. This is called _____.

A

denaturing

88
Q

Heat, cold, very low or high pH, extreme saltiness are all causes of protein _____.

A

denaturing

89
Q

The three parts of a nucleotide are _____ , _____ , _____.

A

Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, Nitrogen containing base

90
Q

5 different bases are _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , ____ .

A

Adenine (A), thymine (T)•Cytosine (C), guanine (G)•Uracil (U) – only found in RNA where it replaces thymine.

91
Q

DNA is a double chain of _____.

A

nucleotides

92
Q

DNA – has four bases A, T, C, G. True or false?

A

True

93
Q

Name the two kinds of nucleic acid polymers.

A

DNA and RNA

94
Q

There are _____ types of RNA.

A

3 (mRNA – messenger RNA; tRNA – transfer RNA; rRNA – ribosomal RNA)

95
Q

The 3 types of RNA cooperate to produce a _____ or _____.

A

protein or peptide.

96
Q

Sequence of bases in DNA determines sequence of amino acids in a _____.

A

protein

97
Q

Sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s _____ and _____.

A

structure and function

98
Q

DNA is organized into _____ – segments of the molecule that code for specific proteins and therefore traits of organisms.

A

genes

99
Q

_____ are DNA molecules that have condensed before cell division and are visible under the light microscope.

A

chromosomes

100
Q

Small changes in the _____ may cause large changes in a protein.

A

DNA

101
Q

A permanent change in a DNA molecule is called a _____.

A

mutation

102
Q

Sickle cell disease is an example of a _____.

A

mutation

103
Q

Nucleotides carry _____.

A

energy

104
Q

_____ carries energy stored in bonds between phosphate groups; this is the main E carrier molecule of cells.

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

105
Q

These two molecules transport energized electrons in reactions like photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

A

NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; FAD – flavin adenine dinucleotide

Intro to Bio (6 decks)

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