Bio lab test 1

Question 1

basal taxon

Answer 1

first group to diverge from common ancestor

Question 2

sister taxon

Answer 2

came from the same common ancestor

Question 3

polytomy

Answer 3

many branches

Question 4

homologies

Answer 4

similarities due to shared ancestry

Question 5

monophyletic

Answer 5

common ancestor and all descendants

Question 6

paraphyletic

Answer 6

ancestor and not all descendants

Question 7

polyphyletic

Answer 7

not all from a common ancestor

Question 8

outgroup

Answer 8

closely related to the group in question

Question 9

shared derived trait

Answer 9

evolved within and are found only in said clade

Question 10

shared ancestral trait

Answer 10

evolved in an earlier ancestor (the outgroup has it too)

Question 11

parsimony

Answer 11

simplest explanation is probably the correct one

Question 12

caudal

Answer 12

tail region

Question 13

posterior

Answer 13

tail/hind end

Question 14

anterior

Answer 14

front/head end

Question 15

cephalic

Answer 15

head region

Question 16

ventral

Answer 16

stomach

Question 17

dorsal

Answer 17

back

Question 18

distal

Answer 18

structure farthest away from a point of reference

Question 19

proximal

Answer 19

structure nearest to a point of reference

Question 20

oral

Answer 20

mouth

Question 21

porifera

Answer 21

sponges

Question 22

cnidaria (3)

Answer 22

corals, anemones, jellies

Question 23

echinodermata (3)

Answer 23

sea stars, cucumbers and urchins

Question 24

chordata (4)

Answer 24

fish, amphibians, reptiles (including birds) and mammals

Question 25

platyhelminthes

Answer 25

flat worms

Question 26

annelida

Answer 26

segmented worms

Question 27

mollusca (6)

Answer 27

chitons, slugs, snails, clams, squid and octopi

Question 28

brachiopoda

Answer 28

lampshells

Question 29

nematoda

Answer 29

round worms

Question 30

arthropoda (4)

Answer 30

spiders, centipedes, crustaceans and insects

Question 31

cleavage

Answer 31

rapid cell cycles during embryonic growth

Question 32

morula

Answer 32

solid ball of cells

Question 33

blastula

Answer 33

hollowed out morula

Question 34

gastrulation

Answer 34

second stage of embryonic development

Question 35

gastrula

Answer 35

multiple layered embryo

Question 36

archenteron

Answer 36

starts with on opening (the beginnings of the digestive tract)

Question 37

blastopore

Answer 37

the first opening

Question 38

urochordata

Answer 38

tunicates

Question 39

cyclostoma

Answer 39

jawless fish (round mouth)

Question 40

porifera

Answer 40

parazoa

Question 41

Cnidaria (2)

Answer 41

eumetazoa, radiata

Question 42

echinodermata (3)

Answer 42

eumetazoa, bilateria, deuterosome

Question 43

chordata (3)

Answer 43

eumetazoa, bilateria, deuterosome

Question 44

platyhelminthes (4)

Answer 44

eumetazoa, bilateria, protosome, lophotrochozoa

Question 45

mollusca (4)

Answer 45

eumetazoa, bilateria, protosome, lophotrochozoa

Question 46

annelida (4)

Answer 46

eumetazoa, bilateria, protosome, lophotrochozoa

Question 47

brachiopods (4)

Answer 47

eumetazoa, bilateria, protosome, lophotrochozoa

Question 48

nematoda (4)

Answer 48

eumetazoa, bilateria, protostome, ecdysozoa

Question 49

arthropoda (4)

Answer 49

eumetazoa, bilateria, protostome, ecdysozoa

Question 50

4 defining traits of chordates

Answer 50

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal (gill) slits, postanal tail

Question 51

notochord

Answer 51

provides strength and suppport, usually made of cartilage

Question 52

dorsal hollow nerve cord

Answer 52

develops into CNS and spinal cord

Question 53

pharyngeal (gill) slits

Answer 53

allows movement of water, suspension feeding devices

Question 54

postanal tail

Answer 54

can be reduced during embryonic development (contains skeletal elements and muscle)