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bio 2 > bio lab midterm > Flashcards

bio lab midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

You are looking at a specimen through a high-power objective with a magnification of 45×, and the ocular has a magnification of 10×. What is the total magnification?

A

450×

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2
Q

The parts of the microscope through which you view the specimen are called

A

eyepiece

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3
Q

The microscope platform upon which specimen slides are placed is called the

A

stage

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4
Q

Which of the following components of the compound microscope is used to focus light on the specimen?

A

condensor

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5
Q

Which of the following microscopes will we be using to view prepared slides in Bio 2?

A

compound light microscope

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6
Q

Which formula would you use to determine the diameter of the field of view for the high-power objective?

A

HPD = ​[LPD × LPM]/HPM

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7
Q

You are looking at a specimen under low power, and you switch to the high-power objective. Which of the following happens?

A

resolution decreases

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8
Q

Care must be taken using the oil-immersion objective. Which of the following steps are essential to care properly for this objective?

A

clean the oil off of the oil-immersion objective carefully.

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9
Q

A compound microscope has _____ set(s) of lenses.

A

2

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10
Q

The thickness of a specimen in focus at any one time is known as ________________and can be shown by using a ________________.

A

depth of field; slide containing three different colored threads

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11
Q

What happens to the field of view if you switch from the high-power objective to the low-power objective?

A

resolution increases

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12
Q

In order to estimate the size of the specimen, you need to calculate the ________.

A

diameter of the field of view

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13
Q

When using the high-power and oil-immersion objectives, the working distance _______, so ______ light is needed.

A

decreases, more

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14
Q

What would you do in order to view a fresh specimen under the compound microscope?

A

prepare a wet mount.

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15
Q

While looking at a specimen under a microscope, you move the slide to the right. In which direction does the image move?

A

to the left

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16
Q

To change the amount of light entering the objective lens, you would adjust the

A

iris diaphragm

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17
Q

Which of the following components of the compound microscope is used to focus light on the specimen?

A

condenser

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18
Q

The distance between the objective lens and the specimen is called the ______ distance.

A

working

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19
Q

Protists can function in the environment as

A

autotrophs, heterotrophs, and parasites

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20
Q

The amoeba uses ______________ to capture food.

A

pseudopodia

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21
Q

Name the flagellate that lives symbiotically with termites and aids in cellulose digestion.

A

trichonympha

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22
Q

In what types of environments do bacteria live?

A

hot/cold environments, deep under ground, and in the digestive system of humans/animals

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23
Q

Which of the following bacteria are important in the production of oxygen?

A

cyanobacteria

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24
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria are known as

A

bacilli

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25
Q

Gram stain is a laboratory technique used to distinguish between various kinds of bacteria based on the characteristics of the

A

cell wall

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26
Q

Gram-positive bacteria stain

A

purple

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27
Q

Plants are a diverse group that can be described as

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic

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28
Q

Nonvascular plants are generally low to the ground because they

A

cannot transport nutrients

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29
Q

What takes place in the capsule of Marchantia spp.?

A

meiosis

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30
Q

If you see a fern with brown spots on the underside of the frond, you can conclude that

A

the fern has produced spores

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31
Q

The lignin in vascular plants is responsible for what plant characteristic?

A

the ability to grow to great heights

32
Q

Unlike the seeds of angiosperms, the seeds of gymnosperms

A

store nutrients after fertilization

33
Q

“Wings” on the pollen shown help you to identify it as _____________ pollen.

A

pines

34
Q

The most diverse group of plants is the

A

angiosperms

35
Q

A structure derived from the ovary of a plant and its accessory tissue is a

A

fruit

36
Q

A vegetable is an edible part of a plant derived from

A

leaves, stems, and roots

37
Q

Nonvascular plants include which of the following?

A

liverworts, true mosses, and hornworts

38
Q

Nonvascular plants such a hornworts usually live in a ______________ environment.

A

moist and shady

39
Q

In liverworts, what typically transports sperm cells of the antheridiophore to the archegonium single egg?

A

rainwater

40
Q

If you see a fern with brown spots on the underside of the frond, you can conclude that

A

the fern has produced spores

41
Q

The lignin in vascular plants is responsible for what plant characteristic?

A

the ability to grow great heights

42
Q

Microspores of ferns are contained in what structure?

A

Microsporangium

43
Q

Unlike the seeds of angiosperms, the seeds of gymnosperms ______________.

A

store nutrients after fertilization

44
Q

When a seed of the conifer germinates, it develops into a ______________.

A

sporophyte

45
Q

A structure derived from the ovary of a plant and its accessory tissue is a

A

fruit

46
Q

A dandelion flower is perfect, meaning it possesses which of the following?

A

pistils and stamens

47
Q

Dicots

A

seed: 2 cotyledons
leaves: branched veins
flower: floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5
stem: vascular bundles arranged in a ring within the stem
roots: taproot [main root with smaller lateral roots]
pollen grains: usually have 3 pores or furrows
can be herbaceous or woody; many trees and shrubs fall into this category
examples: roses, sunflowers, beans, oaks, and maples

48
Q

Monocots

A

seed: single cotyledon
leaves: parallel veins
flower: floral parts often in multiples of 3 or 6
stem: vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
roots: fibrous root
pollen grains: typically have a single pore to furrow
generally herbaceous (non-woody), though some can be woody (like palms)
example: grasses (e.g., wheat, rice), lilies, orchids, and palms

49
Q

Characteristics of fruit

A

structure derived from the ovary of a plant and its accessory tissues
the products of flowers and are exclusive to angiosperms

50
Q

Gymnosperms

A

seed Type: seeds are exposed or not enclosed within a fruit; they often develop on cones
examples: includes conifers (like pine, spruce, and fir), cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes
reproductive structures: typically have cones (strobili) for reproduction; male cones produce pollen, and female cones contain ovules
fertilization: pollination occurs through wind, and fertilization can take a year or more after pollination
leaves: often have needle-like or scale-like leaves, adapted to conserve water

51
Q

Angiosperms

A

seed type: seeds are enclosed within a fruit, which develops from the ovary after fertilization
examples: includes flowering plants like roses, orchids, and grasses
reproductive structures: have flowers that contain both male (stamens) and female (carpels) reproductive organs
fertilization: pollination can occur through wind, insects, birds, or other animals; fertilization typically happens shortly after pollination
diversity: the most diverse group of plants, with a wide range of forms and adaptations

52
Q

Moss Antheridia

A

typically spherical or elongated, containing numerous sperm cells
location: found on the male gametophyte, often at the tips of the branches
sperm release: sperm are released into the surrounding water, where they swim to the archegonia for fertilization

53
Q

Moss Archegonia

A

female reproductive organs that produce eggs
structure: flask-shaped, with a swollen base (where the egg is located) and a narrow neck leading to the opening
location: found on the female gametophyte, usually situated at the tips of the branches
fertilization: after sperm swim to the archegonia, fertilization occurs, leading to the formation of a zygote

54
Q

Volvox and its characteristics

A

volvox is a genus of green algae known for its unique, spherical colonial structure

forms large, spherical colonies consisting of thousands of individual cells

each cell has chloroplasts for photosynthesis, a flagellum for movement, and a large central vacuole for buoyancy

the flagella of the individual cells beat in a coordinated manner, causing the colony to spin and move through the water

volvox can reproduce both asexually and sexually asexual reproduction occurs through the formation of daughter colonies within the parent colony

sexual reproduction involves the formation of specialized reproductive cells that fuse to create zygotes

contains chlorophyll, allowing it to produce energy through photosynthesis, contributing to its green color

55
Q

Vascular plants

A

plants that have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for transporting water, nutrients, and food

examples: trees, shrubs, flowering plants, and ferns

structure: have roots, stems, and leaves, allowing for greater height and complexity

reproduction: can reproduce through seeds or spores and typically have a dominant sporophyte generation

seedless vascular plants: club mosses

seeded vascular plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms

xylem: transports water and dissolved minerals

phloem: transports nutrients

stele: composed of xylem and phloemseedless vascular plants: reproduce through spores;
-phylum lyncophyta: club mosses
-phylum sphenophyta: horsetails
-phylum psilophyta: whisk ferns
- phylum pterophyta: ferns

56
Q

Nonvascular plants

A

plants that lack specialized transport tissues and rely on diffusion for nutrient and water movement

examples: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

structure: generally smaller and simpler in form; do not have true roots, stems, or leaves

reproduction: mostly reproduce via spores, with a dominant gametophyte generation

lack true roots, stems, and leaves

low to the ground, in a moist, shady environment

rely on rainwater to transport gametes

phylum hepatophyta: the liverworts

phylum anthocerophyta: the hornworts

phylum bryophyta: the true mosses

57
Q

What organism lives within termites and what relationship does it have?

A

the organism that lives within termites is a type of protozoan, primarily from the genus trichonympha

mutualism: this relationship is mutualistic, meaning both the termite and the protozoan benefit

digestive aid: the protozoa help termites digest cellulose from wood and plant materials, which termites cannot break down on their own

nutrient provision: in return, the protozoa gain a stable habitat and access to nutrients from the termite’s diet

58
Q

Characteristics of Paramecium

A

shape: slipper-shaped and covered in cilia

movement: uses cilia for locomotion and to sweep food into its oral groove

nutrition: heterotrophic; feeds on bacteria and other small particles through phagocytosis

habitat: typically found in freshwater environments

reproduction: can reproduce asexually through binary fission and sexually through conjugation

59
Q

Amoeba

A

shape: irregular and constantly changing due to pseudopodia (false feet)

movement: moves by extending pseudopodia, allowing it to flow and engulf food

nutrition: heterotrophic; consumes food through phagocytosis

habitat: commonly found in freshwater, soil, and sometimes as parasites in hosts

reproduction: primarily asexual through binary fission

60
Q

Euglena

A

shape: elongated and spindle-shaped, with a flagellum at one end

movement: uses a single flagellum for swimming

nutrition: mixotrophic; can photosynthesize (due to chloroplasts) or absorb nutrients from the environment

habitat: typically found in freshwater environments, often in nutrient-rich waters

reproduction: asexual reproduction mainly through binary fission

61
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes

62
Q

Archaea characteristics

A

cell structure: also prokaryotic, similar to bacteria, but genetically and biochemically distinct

cell wall: composed of unique polymers, such as pseudopeptidoglycan

habitat: often found in extreme environments (e.g., hot springs, salt lakes)

metabolism: can be extremophiles; some are methanogens, producing methane

63
Q

Bacteria

A

cell structure: prokaryotic cells with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

cell wall: typically composed of peptidoglycan

reproduction: primarily through binary fission

genetic material: circular DNA plasmids; typically a single chromosome

64
Q

Eukaryotes

A

cell structure: eukaryotic cells with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

examples: animals, plants, fungi, and protists

cell wall: in plants, it’s made of cellulose; fungi have chitin; animal cells lack a cell wall

reproduction: can reproduce sexually and asexually; more complex life cycles

65
Q

Why do you use staining and what does color signify?

A

gram positive bacteria: purple bacteria

gram negative bacteria: red bacteria

this staining technique is based on characteristics of the cell wall

66
Q

Different shapes of bacteria

A

bacilli(rod-shaped)

cocci(spherical)

spirillii(spiral shaped)

67
Q

Degree of magnification

A

typically refers to the specific factor by which an object is enlarged, such as 10x, 40x, or 100x.

68
Q

Degree of total magnification

A

the overall magnification produced by a microscope, calculated by multiplying the degree of magnification of the ocular (eyepiece) lens by that of the objective lens

69
Q

What is considered proper lab safety?

A

Wash hands and wear eye protection, gloves, and lab coat

70
Q

Objective lens

A

low, medium, and high-power lenses that further magnify the specimen at different intensities

71
Q

Coarse adjustment knob

A

large knob used for focusing the image under low-power (general focusing)

72
Q

Fine adjustment knob

A

smaller knob used for focusing the image with the medium- and high-power objectives (fine-tuning)

73
Q

The pistil houses what?

A

the ovary of the stamen

74
Q

What phylum does the brine shrimp belong to?

A

anthropoda

75
Q

Scientific name of brine shrimp

A

Artemia salina

bio 2 (6 decks)

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