BIO Lab Final Study Guide Flashcards
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.
Organisms that use photosynthesis
Plants, algae, and certain bacteria.
Chloroplast
A specialized organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
Chlorophyll
A pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
Chemical equations for photosynthesis
Photosynthesis:
(6CO_2 + 6H_2O + light energy \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2)
Chemical equations for cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration:
(C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP)
Stomata
Small openings or pores on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange (CO2 intake and oxygen release) and water regulation.
Where are stomata located?
Typically found on the underside of leaves.
Cellular Respiration vs. Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy (ATP) in cells, while photosynthesis is the process of producing glucose using light energy.
Interphase
The phase in the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division.
Stages of mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)
Details about each stage of mitosis (Prophase)
Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down.
Details about each stage of mitosis (Metaphase)
Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the center of the cell.
Details about each stage of mitosis (Anaphase)
Anaphase: Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
Details about each stage of mitosis (Telophase)
Telophase: Chromosomes de-condense, nuclear envelope reforms.
Cells undergoing mitosis
Somatic cells (body cells) undergo mitosis for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
Plant mitosis vs. animal mitosis
Plant cells have a cell plate formation during cytokinesis, while animal cells have a cleavage furrow.
End/final results of mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells; meiosis results in four non-identical daughter cells with half the genetic material.
Stages of meiosis
Meiosis I (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I) and Meiosis II (similar to mitosis but with half the chromosome number).
Genes
Genes: Units of heredity.
Alleles
Alleles: Different forms of a gene.
Genotype
Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype
Phenotype: Observable traits of an organism.
Homozygous
Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a trait.
Heterozygous
Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a trait.
Dominant gene
Dominant gene: A gene that masks the effect of the recessive gene.
Recessive gene
Recessive gene: A gene whose effect is masked by the dominant gene.
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic instructions.
Components of nucleotides
Phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous base.
Four nitrogenous bases and base pairing
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) (A pairs with T, G pairs with C).
Purines
Purines: Adenine and Guanine (double-ring structure).
Pyrimidines
Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine (single-ring structure).
Backbone of DNA
Sugar-phosphate backbone.
What is gel electrophoresis?
A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size and charge.
Importance and use of electrophoresis
Used in DNA profiling, paternity testing, forensics, and research.
Reagents/materials used
Gel, buffer solution, DNA samples, DNA ladder/markers.
Reagents/materials and their functions (Gel)
Gel: Provides a medium for DNA separation.
Reagents/materials and their functions (Buffer solution)
Buffer solution: Conducts electricity and maintains pH.
Reagents/materials and their functions (DNA samples)
DNA samples: Material to be separated.
Reagents/materials and their functions (DNA ladder/markers)
DNA ladder/markers: For size comparison.
Mechanism of electrophoresis
DNA fragments are loaded into wells in the gel and subjected to an electric field, causing them to migrate based on size and charge.
Positioning of wells
Wells are usually at one end of the gel.
Micropipette used
Micropipette: A precision tool used to transfer small volumes of liquid accurately.
Proper usage of a micropipette
Calibrate the micropipette, set the desired volume, aspirate the liquid, dispense accurately, and handle with care to avoid contamination.
