Bio Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
Where does meiosis occur in animals
Occurs in in germinal tissue
Where does meiosis occur in plants
Spore-forming tissue
Gametes are…
Haploid- one half the chromosome number is most of the cells in the organism (n)
Somatic cells are…
Diploid-full complement of chromosomes (2n)
Zygotes are…
A union of gametes and are diploid
How many chromosomes does a human have
46, 2 pairs of 23
Dyad
Replicated chromosome
Monad
Unreplicated chromosome
Autosomes
22 chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
1 XX or XY
Homologous chromosomes
A pair of chromosomes (1 paternal and 1 maternal) that have the same gene loci
Held together by a centromere
Tetrad
Chromatin
Condensed chromosomes
Histone proteins
Prophase 1
Homologous pairs of chromosomes
1 maternal and 1 paternal pair up and from tetrads
Pairs of homologous chromosomes intertwine (synapsis)
Crossing over occurs as chromatids from homologous pairs of chromosomes swap genetic info that occurs at the chiasma
Metaphase 1
Tetrads align in the center of the cell and a spindle fiber attaches at the centromeres
Anaphase 1
Duplicated chromosomes aka dryads begin to migrate to the opposite ends of the cells
Reduction occurs each pole receives half number of chromosomes
Random assortment=genetic variation
Telophase 1
Pairs of daughter chromatids move to separate cells
Meiosis 2
No clear interphase between the first and second neurotic divisions
No additional chromosome duplication
Anaphase 2
Centromere divides and the 2 chromatids of each chromosome seepage and moves toward opposite poles
After separation, each chromatid becomes a chromosome
Telophase 2
Chromosomes separated into different cells
Mendels law of dominance
Some Alleles of a gene are dominant and other are recessive
One dominant allele=dominant trait
One recessive allele=recessive trait
Mendels law of segregation
Each gamete Carrie’s only one allele for each gene
Nondisjunction
Failure to segregate
Trisomy
Extra copy of chromosome
Monosomy
One copy of chromosome
Polyploid
Extra set of chromosomes
Mendels law of independent assortment
Genes for different traits segregate independently
PpSs double heterozygous
How do we find the gamete possibilities
FOIL
first outer inner last
Karyotype
A display of the chromosomes pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape
What are some karyotyping samples
Blood
skin and tissues
chorionic villi
amniotic fluid
Metacentric
Equal arms
Submetacentric
Unequal arms
P arm is shorter
Q arm is longer
Acrocentric
Centromere near one end
Fiends stain
Shows banding patterns
Aleurone
Outer layer of the endosperm
A
Dominant red to purple color
a
Recessive no pigment aka yellow
Texture
Sweet or starchy
Su
Starchy smooth when dried
su
Higher sugar content wrinkled when dried
Phenotype
Individual kernels appearance
Genotype
Individual kernels genes
Homozygous
Paired alleles are identical AA or aa
Heterozygous
Pair of different alleles Aa
Monohybrid cross
Reproduction between 2 heterozygous individuals Aa
They cross and ratio should be 3 to 1
Dihybrid cross
Reproduction involved two pairs of alleles
Cords and ratio should be 9:3:3:1
Chi-square test
Compares observed results to the expected Mendelian results
Statistical test whether the deviations are due to chance or something else
Degrees of freedom
Number of phenotypic classes minus 1
What probability do we use
0.05
How to do chi square
- Get observed
- Get expected by multiplying ratio and total
- Take observed minus that expected value
- Square it
- Take that and divide it by the expected value
- Then add all those values together
When do u accept or reject your chi square
Accept if number is below target probability number
Reject if it’s over it
Wild type fruit fly
Dark red eyes, gray tannish, bristle covered body, long straight wings just below the abdomen
Male fruit flies
Smaller than females
More abdominal pigmentation
Fewer abdominal segments
Sex comb-tuft or bristle on lower 1/3 of legs
Eye mutants of fruit flies
B-Bar
se- sepia
w-white
Wing mutants of fruit flies
vg-vestigial
Cy-curly
dp-dumpy
Body mutants of fruit flies
e-ebony
y-yellow
ABO blood groups
A and B are codominant and dominant to O
Who are the universal recipients
Type AB bc they have neither anti A or anti B antibodies in their serum that would destroy transfused RBCs
Who are the universal donors
Type O bc their RBCs have no antigens on the cell surface that can potentially react with the recipients serum
What does it mean if ur blood type is positive
You have a Rh factor +
What does it mean if ur blood is negative
You have a Rh -
RH incompatibility
If blood from an Rh+ fetus sensitized an Rh- mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies will from in the blood of that woman
During her next pregnancy those antibodies can cross the placenta to affect the next baby
What is hemolytic disease
A disease of the newborn that results when an Rh+ fetus develops in the womb of an Rh-
How is blooding typing for ABO status done
Done by using single drips of blood mixed with different antisera, solutions that contain antibodies
Antisera with a clump indicates the presence of that antigen on the RBC
What’s a genotype
The set of alleles of an organism
There is 2 categories:
1. Homozygous vs. heterozygous
2. Dominant vs. recessive
Population
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
Gene pool
All of the genes possessed by members of a population
Each individual of a population carries 2 alleles for every gene
Population genetics
Allele frequencies show genetic diversity of a species population
Evolution
Change in the frequencies of alleles in the gene pool over time
What are the 4 evolutionary forces that affect the frequency of an allele in a population
Natural selection, genetic drift, mutations, migration
Hardy
English mathematician
Weinberg
German physican
What did hardy and Weinberg predict?
They predicted that gene pool frequencies are inherently stable but continual evolution is expected in all populations
Hardy and Weinberg concluded that evolution would not occur in a population of all of what following conditions were met?
Mutation is not occurring
Natural selection is not occurring
The population is infinitely large
All members of the population breed
All mating is totally random
Everyone produces the same number of offspring
There is no migration in or out of the population
Hardy-Weinberg principle
An equation used to discern the probable genotype frequencies in a population (to track changes from one generation to the next)
What is the only observable genotype in a population?
Recessive bc you cannot determine homozygous dominants from herterozygotes
What is p
Frequency of dominant allele
What is q
Frequency of the recessive allele
p2 (p squared)
Frequency of the homozygous dominant
Percent of homozygous dominant individuals CC
2pq
Frequency of the heterozygous condition
Percent of heterozygous individuals Cc
q2 (q squared)
Frequency of the homozygous recessive
Percent of homozygous recessive individuals cc
In PTC tasting what is dominant and recessive
Dominant is tasting
Non dominant is non-tasting
