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Bio Lab > Bio Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Bio Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does meiosis occur in animals

A

Occurs in in germinal tissue

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2
Q

Where does meiosis occur in plants

A

Spore-forming tissue

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3
Q

Gametes are…

A

Haploid- one half the chromosome number is most of the cells in the organism (n)

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4
Q

Somatic cells are…

A

Diploid-full complement of chromosomes (2n)

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5
Q

Zygotes are…

A

A union of gametes and are diploid

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6
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have

A

46, 2 pairs of 23

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7
Q

Dyad

A

Replicated chromosome

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8
Q

Monad

A

Unreplicated chromosome

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9
Q

Autosomes

A

22 chromosomes

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10
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

1 XX or XY

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11
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes (1 paternal and 1 maternal) that have the same gene loci
Held together by a centromere
Tetrad

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

Condensed chromosomes
Histone proteins

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13
Q

Prophase 1

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes
1 maternal and 1 paternal pair up and from tetrads
Pairs of homologous chromosomes intertwine (synapsis)
Crossing over occurs as chromatids from homologous pairs of chromosomes swap genetic info that occurs at the chiasma

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14
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Tetrads align in the center of the cell and a spindle fiber attaches at the centromeres

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15
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Duplicated chromosomes aka dryads begin to migrate to the opposite ends of the cells
Reduction occurs each pole receives half number of chromosomes
Random assortment=genetic variation

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16
Q

Telophase 1

A

Pairs of daughter chromatids move to separate cells

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17
Q

Meiosis 2

A

No clear interphase between the first and second neurotic divisions
No additional chromosome duplication

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18
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Centromere divides and the 2 chromatids of each chromosome seepage and moves toward opposite poles
After separation, each chromatid becomes a chromosome

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19
Q

Telophase 2

A

Chromosomes separated into different cells

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20
Q

Mendels law of dominance

A

Some Alleles of a gene are dominant and other are recessive
One dominant allele=dominant trait
One recessive allele=recessive trait

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21
Q

Mendels law of segregation

A

Each gamete Carrie’s only one allele for each gene

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22
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure to segregate

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23
Q

Trisomy

A

Extra copy of chromosome

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24
Q

Monosomy

A

One copy of chromosome

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25
Q

Polyploid

A

Extra set of chromosomes

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26
Q

Mendels law of independent assortment

A

Genes for different traits segregate independently

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27
Q

PpSs double heterozygous
How do we find the gamete possibilities

A

FOIL
first outer inner last

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28
Q

Karyotype

A

A display of the chromosomes pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape

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29
Q

What are some karyotyping samples

A

Blood
skin and tissues
chorionic villi
amniotic fluid

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30
Q

Metacentric

A

Equal arms

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31
Q

Submetacentric

A

Unequal arms
P arm is shorter
Q arm is longer

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32
Q

Acrocentric

A

Centromere near one end

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33
Q

Fiends stain

A

Shows banding patterns

34
Q

Aleurone

A

Outer layer of the endosperm

35
Q

A

A

Dominant red to purple color

36
Q

a

A

Recessive no pigment aka yellow

37
Q

Texture

A

Sweet or starchy

38
Q

Su

A

Starchy smooth when dried

39
Q

su

A

Higher sugar content wrinkled when dried

40
Q

Phenotype

A

Individual kernels appearance

41
Q

Genotype

A

Individual kernels genes

42
Q

Homozygous

A

Paired alleles are identical AA or aa

43
Q

Heterozygous

A

Pair of different alleles Aa

44
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Reproduction between 2 heterozygous individuals Aa
They cross and ratio should be 3 to 1

45
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Reproduction involved two pairs of alleles
Cords and ratio should be 9:3:3:1

46
Q

Chi-square test

A

Compares observed results to the expected Mendelian results
Statistical test whether the deviations are due to chance or something else

47
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

Number of phenotypic classes minus 1

48
Q

What probability do we use

A

0.05

49
Q

How to do chi square

A
  1. Get observed
  2. Get expected by multiplying ratio and total
  3. Take observed minus that expected value
  4. Square it
  5. Take that and divide it by the expected value
  6. Then add all those values together
50
Q

When do u accept or reject your chi square

A

Accept if number is below target probability number
Reject if it’s over it

51
Q

Wild type fruit fly

A

Dark red eyes, gray tannish, bristle covered body, long straight wings just below the abdomen

52
Q

Male fruit flies

A

Smaller than females
More abdominal pigmentation
Fewer abdominal segments
Sex comb-tuft or bristle on lower 1/3 of legs

53
Q

Eye mutants of fruit flies

A

B-Bar
se- sepia
w-white

54
Q

Wing mutants of fruit flies

A

vg-vestigial
Cy-curly
dp-dumpy

55
Q

Body mutants of fruit flies

A

e-ebony
y-yellow

56
Q

ABO blood groups

A

A and B are codominant and dominant to O

57
Q

Who are the universal recipients

A

Type AB bc they have neither anti A or anti B antibodies in their serum that would destroy transfused RBCs

58
Q

Who are the universal donors

A

Type O bc their RBCs have no antigens on the cell surface that can potentially react with the recipients serum

59
Q

What does it mean if ur blood type is positive

A

You have a Rh factor +

60
Q

What does it mean if ur blood is negative

A

You have a Rh -

61
Q

RH incompatibility

A

If blood from an Rh+ fetus sensitized an Rh- mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies will from in the blood of that woman
During her next pregnancy those antibodies can cross the placenta to affect the next baby

62
Q

What is hemolytic disease

A

A disease of the newborn that results when an Rh+ fetus develops in the womb of an Rh-

63
Q

How is blooding typing for ABO status done

A

Done by using single drips of blood mixed with different antisera, solutions that contain antibodies
Antisera with a clump indicates the presence of that antigen on the RBC

64
Q

What’s a genotype

A

The set of alleles of an organism
There is 2 categories:
1. Homozygous vs. heterozygous
2. Dominant vs. recessive

65
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

66
Q

Gene pool

A

All of the genes possessed by members of a population
Each individual of a population carries 2 alleles for every gene

67
Q

Population genetics

A

Allele frequencies show genetic diversity of a species population

68
Q

Evolution

A

Change in the frequencies of alleles in the gene pool over time

69
Q

What are the 4 evolutionary forces that affect the frequency of an allele in a population

A

Natural selection, genetic drift, mutations, migration

70
Q

Hardy

A

English mathematician

71
Q

Weinberg

A

German physican

72
Q

What did hardy and Weinberg predict?

A

They predicted that gene pool frequencies are inherently stable but continual evolution is expected in all populations

73
Q

Hardy and Weinberg concluded that evolution would not occur in a population of all of what following conditions were met?

A

Mutation is not occurring
Natural selection is not occurring
The population is infinitely large
All members of the population breed
All mating is totally random
Everyone produces the same number of offspring
There is no migration in or out of the population

74
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

An equation used to discern the probable genotype frequencies in a population (to track changes from one generation to the next)

75
Q

What is the only observable genotype in a population?

A

Recessive bc you cannot determine homozygous dominants from herterozygotes

76
Q

What is p

A

Frequency of dominant allele

77
Q

What is q

A

Frequency of the recessive allele

78
Q

p2 (p squared)

A

Frequency of the homozygous dominant
Percent of homozygous dominant individuals CC

79
Q

2pq

A

Frequency of the heterozygous condition
Percent of heterozygous individuals Cc

80
Q

q2 (q squared)

A

Frequency of the homozygous recessive
Percent of homozygous recessive individuals cc

81
Q

In PTC tasting what is dominant and recessive

A

Dominant is tasting
Non dominant is non-tasting

Bio Lab (2 decks)

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