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Biology Final exam > Bio Final Revised > Flashcards

Bio Final Revised Flashcards

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0
Q

What produces hormones and how do they get to their target cells?

A

They are produced by an endocrine gland, endocrine cells, or nervous tissue.
They travel through the blood stream to distant target cell, acts on target cells by initiating some change.

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1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

It is a communication molecule

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2
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

Can NOT enter the cells so they bind to a receptor on the plasma membrane. Then they activate a second messenger inside the cell triggering a pathway that leads to some cellular change.

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3
Q

Lipid Soluble STEROID Hormones

A

CAN cross the plasma membrane and enter the cell. They can also cross the nuclear envelope and enter the nucleus. They bind to signal receptors in the cell nucleus which bind to genes of DNA. The signal receptor complex activates gene expression.

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4
Q

The structure of a neuron

A

Dendrites to cell body to axon to synapse

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5
Q

Dendrites (function of a neuron)

A

Receive impulses or information

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6
Q

Cell body (function of a neuron)

A

Integrates info and produces neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Axon (function of a neuron)

A

Transmits impulse AWAY from the cell body

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8
Q

Synapse (function of a neuron)

A

Is where a neuron meets with another cell

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9
Q

Nerve impulses/ action potentials

A

Information comes in these forms due to the flow of ions the two basic types of nerve cells are neurons which receive and transmit impulses, glial cells surround and support the neurons

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10
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Surround, protects and insulates the axon with many layers of glial cells. The gaps between the sheath are the nodes of ranvier ions flow can only occur here.

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11
Q

Polarization

A

The plasma membrane of a neuron at rest is POLARIZED which means it has a charge difference across the plasma membrane. Pos outside neg inside

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12
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Pumps sodium + out and k+ in, passive discussion of k plus out but na plus can’t enter. This attracts large proteins to the plasma membrane.

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13
Q

Depolarization

A

Neuron at rest: + out - in, receives a stimulus. Sodium gates open and sodium rushes unto the cell. The charges reverse - out + in.

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14
Q

REPOLARIZATION

A

After depolarization sodium gates shut, sodium can’t enter. Potassium leaves and the sodium potassium pump goes to work which brings the charges back to normal + out - in.

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15
Q

Refractory period/ Action potentials

A

An r period prevents restimulization until the site is repolarized. This leads to a wave of depolarization followed by repolarization down the length of an axon which is an action potential.

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16
Q

Neuro transmitters

A

Are produced in the neurons cell body and travel down the axon ending in synaptic vesicles which congregate at the axon ending.

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17
Q

Saltatory (to jump) conduction

A

This occurs on myelinated axons, ions can’t jump across the plasma membrane where the myelin sheath insulates so action potential jump from node of ranvier to node of ranvier

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18
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Is the small space between cells. A pre synaptic neuron can send information to a post synaptic neuron in the form of neurotransmitters, which cross the synaptic cleft.

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19
Q

Central nervous system

A

Includes the brain and the spinal chord

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20
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

All of the outlying nerves

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21
Q

Somatic ns

A

Sends information to and from the skeletal muscles

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22
Q

Autonomic ns

A

Sends info to and from the organs and glands it has two branches sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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23
Q

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions…

A

Regulate the activity of the glands, heart, and smooth muscle. However they both have opposite effects on the body

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24
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Prepares the body for flight or fight

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25
Q

Parasympathetic ns

A

Prepares the body for rest and digest

26
Q

Flight or fight reaction

A

Increase the heart rate, shunts blood from skin and viscera to the skeletal muscles and heart, dilates pupils, inhibits digestive and urinary systems, dilates bronchioles, inhibits salivary glands, stimulates sweat glands, stimulates muscle hairs.

27
Q

Structure of the brain

A

Gray matter is un myelinated axons and cell bodies and dendrites, white matter is mylienated axons, ventricles are open spaces that contain cerebral spinal fluid that cushions the brain.

28
Q

What regions of the brain make of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, reticular formation

29
Q

What are the three structures that surround the brain?

A

The meninges are three layers of connective tissue. The outer dura matter, middle arachnoid matter, and the inner pia matter. The bony cranium encloses this.

30
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for memories and learning?

A

The limbic system

31
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for hearing and vision

A

The midbrain

32
Q

What part of the brain screens for sensory info?

A

The thalamus

33
Q

The spinal cord

A

Enclosed and protected by the vertebral column same three layers of Meninges as the brain white matter encloses gray matter, has c spinal fluid in the middle

34
Q

The human life cycle

A

We reproduce sexually. Adults are diploid (2n) each somatic cell has two sets of 23 chromosomes. Meiosis in the gonads provides haploid gametes, eggs, and super each having one set of 23 chromosomes.

35
Q

Human life cycle part 2

A

In fertilization a 1n sperm and 1 n ovum produce a 2n zygote which 46 chromosomes. Half from mom and half from dad

36
Q

Testes (male)

A

Are the gonads which produce sperm

37
Q

Epididymis (male)

A

Is where the sperm mature and are stored until ejaculation

38
Q

Vas deferens (male)

A

Transport sperm to the ejaculatory duct, then to the urethra, and then out of the penis

39
Q

What path does sperm take?

A

Testes to the epididymis to the vas deferens to the ejaculatory duct to the urethra and then out of the penis.

40
Q

Luteinizing hormone LH

A

From the anterior pituitary gland induces leydig cells to produce testosterone.

41
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH

A

From the anterior pituitary gland induces Sertoli cells to make receptors for testosterone.

42
Q

Testosterone

A

Produce sperm, sex drive, and many secondary characteristics such as enlarged bones and muscles deepening of voice, growth of body hair, and enlarged genitalia.

43
Q

Ovaries (female)

A

Are the gonads that produce the female gametes

44
Q

Oviducts (female)

A

Are the site of fertilization and transport early embryo to the uterus

45
Q

The vagina

A

Is the female sex organ which receives the penis during sex and is also the birth canal.

46
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Is the release of the secondary oocyte, this usually takes place one per month.

47
Q

What is the path the ovum takes?

A

Ovaries to oviducts to uterus to vagina

48
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

In the oviducts

49
Q

Where does the implantation and development of an embryo occur?

A

In the uterus

50
Q

What are the female sex hormones?

A

LH and FSH and estrogens which are steroids which stimulate uterine lining growth and maintenance of secondary sex charcateristics. Also progestins are also steroids that also promote uterine lining growth. Both are regulated by LH and FSH.

51
Q

Androgens (male hormone)

A

From of steroid supports sperm formation, and promotes development of secondary sex characteristics. Theses are regulates by LH and FSH.

52
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Steroids that raise blood glucose level and are regulated by ACTH.

53
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Steroids that promote reabsorption of na plus and excretion of k plus in the kidneys. Is regulated by k plus in blood angio tension two.

54
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Are amines that raise blood glucose levels, increase metabolic activities, and constrict certain blood vessels. Regulated by the nervous system.

55
Q

Insulin and glucagon

A

Are both proteins however insulin lowers blood glucose levels and glucagon raises blood glucose levels. These are regulated by glucose in the blood.

56
Q

Oxytocin

A

Is peptide, stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells this regulated by the nervous system.

57
Q

Growth hormone

A

Is a protein that stimulates growth and metabolic functions, this is regulated by hypothalamic hormones.

58
Q

Prolactin

A

Is a protein, that stimulates milk production and secretion, this is regulated hypothalamic hormones.

59
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Is a glyco protein, stimulates thyroid gland and are regulated by hypothalamic hormones

60
Q

Triiodothyronine (t3) and thyroxine (t4)

A

The amines, they stimulate and maintain metabolic processes, regulated tsh

61
Q

Calcitonin

A

It is peptide, lowers blood calcium levels, and is regulated by calcium in the blood.

62
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Is a peptide, raises blood calcium level, regulated by calcium in the blood.

Biology Final exam (4 decks)

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