bio final part A

Question 1

same gene sequence, loci, chromosomal length, centromere location, shape
1 from maternal, 1 from parental
a pair of homologous chromosome = bivalent
pair up and cross over during prophase 1

Answer 1

homologous chromosome

Question 2

tissue stem cell/ embryonic stem cell/ iPS cell
can divide by mitosis unlimited time
can remain stem cell or develop into specialized cell (totipotency, pluripotency, multipotency)

Answer 2

stem cell

Question 3

process of mitosis

Answer 3

prophase—>metaphase—>anaphase—>telophase
prophase
1. chromatin condense into chromosome
2. nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear
3. spindle fiber formed

metaphase
1. chromosome line up along metaphase plane

anaphase
1. chromosome separate to become 2 chromatid
2. chromatid move to opposite end of the cell

telophase
1. chromatid unfold back to become chromatin
2. new nuclear envelope formed

Question 4

agent that may cause cancer
exp. UV light, tar, X-ray

Answer 4

carcinogen

Question 5

spreading of cancer
secondary growth (at another part of body)
exp. malignant tumor cell will spread by metastasis

Answer 5

metastasis

Question 6

2 or more different forms of the same gene

Answer 6

alleles

Question 7

occurs on autosome (not sex chromosome)
exp. genotype TGtg x tgtg (dihybrid gene/ unlinked gene)
genotype AA x Bb (monohybrid gene/ linked gene)

Answer 7

autosomal linkage

Question 8

-bind with specific amino acid and bring them to mRNA molecule on ribosome during translation of protein synthesis
-triplet of bases (anticodon) on tRNA pairs with a complementary triplet (codon) on mRNA

Answer 8

transfer RNA

Question 9

in heterozygous, both alleles expressed in phenotype at the same time
exp. IAIB blood type

Answer 9

codominance

Question 10

allele that always expressed in the phenotype regardless of homozygous or heterozygous type

Answer 10

dominance allele

Question 11

drugs that kill/ stop the growth of bacteria but do not harm the cell of the infected organism
-can be derived from living organism(penicillin from fungi genus Penicillium) or made synthetically in laboratory

Answer 11

antibiotic

Question 12

antibody produced by body
-naturally acquired through infection
-artificially acquired through vaccination

Answer 12

active immunity

Question 13

stimulus effect on action potential

Answer 13

-electric current stimulate axon cause the opening of voltage gated channel
-more Na+ enter axon (depolarization) cause more voltage gated channel open
-action potential generated
-current from the depolarized axon membrane flow to the next section of axon membrane and trigger another action potential

Question 14

sarcomere by 2 Z lines of myofibril

Answer 14

sarcomere in each myofibril get shorter when muscle contract as Z disc are pulled closer together

Question 15

=selective breeding
-human selectively breed organism with desirable traits at enhance the expression of there desirable traits over time
for farming and agricultural purposes

Answer 15

artificial selection

Question 16

when a population is significantly small
there is a gradual change in allele frequency due to chance and not natural selection
over time some allele can be lost or favored purely by chance

Answer 16

genetic drift

Question 17

process of IVF in assisted reproduction of animal

Answer 17

1. oocyte collected by insert a needle into the ovaries and withdraw some mature follicle
2. the oocyte kept in culture medium for a short time
   3.and then mixed with semen
3. the resulting zygote divide to form embryo which are cultured for several day
   5.then placed into the mother/female of the same or different species

Question 18

kingdom fungi

Answer 18

1. eukaryotic
2. no chlorophyll/photosynthesis
3. heterotrophic nutrition
4. reproduce by spores
5. cell wall made of chitin
6. no cilia/flagella
   exp. yeast, mushroom, molds, puff ball