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BIO FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

steps of the scientific method

A

make observations, ask a question, form a hypothesis, test the hypothesis (experiment), draw conclusions, communicate results

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2
Q

scientific hypotheses

A

possible answer to a scientific question based on scientific knowledge

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3
Q

scientific law

A

is always true

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4
Q

scientific theories

A

broad explanation for events that are accepted to be true

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5
Q

control group

A

the aspects of an experiment that are maintained in order to keep the experiment controlled

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6
Q

dependent variable

A

the thing that is measured; examples: height of the plant, the temperature of the water

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7
Q

independent variable

A

the thing that is changed; examples: the growing medium, the type of liquid used to measure the plant

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8
Q

characteristics of living things

A

responds to environment, grows and develops, produces offspring, maintains homeostasis, has complex chemistry, and consists of cells

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9
Q

principles of biology

A

cell theory, gene theory, homeostasis, evolution

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10
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all living things are made up of cells
  2. all living things come from other cells
  3. all organisms start as a single cell
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11
Q

gene theory

A

characteristics of living things are controlled by genes

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12
Q

homeostasis

A

keeping things constant; the ability to maintain a balance

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13
Q

evolution

A

change in the characteristics of living things over time; happens through natural selection

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14
Q

properties of water

A

hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

pH scale

A

the lower the number, the more acidic it is; the higher the number, the more basic it is; 1-14

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16
Q

what is the main element in organic compounds?

A

carbon

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17
Q

carbohydrates

A

provides and stores energy, forms body structures

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18
Q

lipids

A

stores energy, forms cell membrane, and carries messages

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19
Q

proteins

A

help cells to keep shape, makes up muscles, speeds up chemical reactions, carries messages and materials

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20
Q

nucleic acids

A

contains instructions for proteins, passes instructions from parent to offspring, helps make proteins

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21
Q

structure of carbohydrates

A

made of many monosaccharides

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22
Q

structure of lipids

A

made of saturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids

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23
Q

structure of proteins

A

made of amino acids; 20 different kinds found in living things; form a chain called a polypeptide

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24
Q

structure of nucleic acids

A

made up of nucleotides; form a chain called a polynucleotide

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25
Q

endothermic reaction

A

energy is absorbed

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26
Q

exothermic reaction

A

energy is released

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27
Q

how do enzymes speed up chemical reactions

A

their shape attracts the molecules that need to be paired together to the active site

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28
Q

what are some factors that affect enzymes?

A

pH level, temperature, and ionic conditions

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29
Q

first person to use the word “cell” to describe them

A

Robert Hooke

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30
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

made microscopes that are very similar to modern light microscopes; found tiny animals that we now call bacteria

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31
Q

Schwann and Schleiden

A

proposed that cells are the basic building blocks of all things

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32
Q

Virchow

A

said that all cells come from other cells

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33
Q

prokaryotic cells do not have…

A

a nucleus

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34
Q

DNA in prokaryotic cells is stored…

A

in a single loop

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35
Q

the parts of a prokaryotic cell…

A

ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule, and the flagellum

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36
Q

main parts of an animal cell

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, other organelles, cell membrane

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37
Q

organelles in an animal cell

A

mitochondria, golgi body, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, and centrioles

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38
Q

plant cells have…

A

a central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall in addition to the other organelles in animal cells

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39
Q

cytoplasm

A

helps cell to keep shape and suspends organelles in place

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40
Q

nucleus

A

largest organelle, controls what proteins are made

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41
Q

mitochondria

A

create ATP for the cell

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42
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

provides a framework for ribosomes

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43
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

its membrane forms vesicles that carry proteins away from the ER; also makes lipids and stores substances

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44
Q

ribosomes

A

where proteins are made

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45
Q

golgi body

A

processes proteins, packages them and sends them to different parts in the cell, also transports lipids

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46
Q

vesicles and vacuoles

A

sac-like organelles that store and transport materials

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47
Q

lysosomes

A

use enzymes to break down foreign matter and dead cells

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48
Q

which organelles are only found in plants?

A

cell wall, a LARGE CENTRAL vacuole, and plastids

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49
Q

cell wall

A

rigid layer that surrounds the cell to provide structure and allow water and nutrients to enter; often made of cellulose

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50
Q

large central vacuole

A

takes up the majority of the cell’s volume; stores materials, provides structure, and can even provide coloring

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51
Q

plastids

A

different types of organelles that are only found in plants

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52
Q

chloroplasts

A

provide the green pigment in plants, conduct photosynthesis

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53
Q

organization of cells

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

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54
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; the tails face inward and the heads outward

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55
Q

centrioles

A

only found in animal cells; help to organize organelles before cell division

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56
Q

Why is no energy necessary for passive transport?

A

substances are moving from an area of higher concentration to an area with a lower concentration

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57
Q

molecules that go into the cell by simple diffusion…

A

are often hydrophobic

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58
Q

osmosis occurs until…

A

the water concentration is the same on both sides of the plasma membrane (inside the cell and outside the cell)

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59
Q

if transport proteins help materials get through the membrane, it is called

A

facilitated diffusion

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60
Q

channel proteins

A

help water to get though the membrane so that they do not touch the hydrophobic tails; form a hole in the bilayer

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61
Q

carrier proteins

A

bind with certain ions or molecules and carry them across the layer

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62
Q

active transport is required when…

A

materials are moving from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

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63
Q

energy in active transport comes from this

A

ATP

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64
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

sodium exits the cell, potassium enters the cell; both going from lower to higher concentrations

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65
Q

with vesicle transport the _____ does not matter

A

concentration; if the material is too large, vesicle transport is necessary

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66
Q

material moving into the cell

A

endocytosis

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67
Q

material leaving the cell

A

exocytosis

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68
Q

hypotonic solution

A

less solute in the solution than inside the cell (concentration in the solution

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69
Q

where do water molecules go in a hypotonic solution?

A

they go into the cell because there are less solute in the solution to block the way

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70
Q

isotonic solution

A

relatively equal concentration of solute in and outside the cell (concentration in the solution=concentration in the cell)

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71
Q

hypertonic solution

A

more solute in the solution than inside the cell (concentration in the solution>concentration in the cell)

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72
Q

where do water molecules go in a hypertonic solution?

A

they leave the cell because there is less solute in the cell to block the exit

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73
Q

why do cells divide?

A

to reproduce, to replace lost or dead cells, and to promote the growth of the structure they are a part of

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74
Q

what process do prokaryotic cells use to reproduce?

A

binary fisssion

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75
Q

what are the steps of binary fission?

A
  1. DNA replication; end up with two identical chromosomes
  2. each chromosome moves to a different part of the cell
  3. plasma membrane starts to grow down the center of the cell creating two new cells
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76
Q

what is being divided in mitosis?

A

the nucleus

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77
Q

what is happens during cytokinesis?

A

the cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells form

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78
Q

the mitosis phase of the cell cycle includes what two processes?

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

79
Q

what three phases are grouped together in interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

80
Q

Growth Phase 1 (G1)

A

cell grows rapidly and prepares for division by making necessary materials; cell spends most of it’s time in this state

81
Q

Synthesis (S)

A

cell’s DNA is copied through DNA replication

82
Q

Growth Phase 2 (G2)

A

final preparations to divide are made

83
Q

cell growth checkpoint

A

at the end of G1; checks whether cell is big enough and has the proper proteins

84
Q

DNA synthesis checkpoint

A

during S phase; checks whether DNA has been replicated correctly

85
Q

mitosis checkpoint

A

during the mitosis (M) phase; checks whether cell has divided properly, if so the cycle repeats with the new cells

86
Q

structure of chromosome

A

two sister chromatids in an x-shape joined at the center by a centromere

87
Q

phases of mitosis

A

PMAT; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

88
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A

plasma membrane pinches to form two new cells

89
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A

cell plate divides the two cells and new plasma membrane forms

90
Q

asexual reproduction

A

single parent, offspring are identical with each other

91
Q

sexual reproduction

A

requires two parents; gamete cells are formed and they unite to form the offspring

92
Q

a zygote is a….

A

diploid cell because it has twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete

93
Q

haploid cells contain…

A

half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organism

94
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

are chromosomes that may have different DNA, but code for the same genes, hybrid chromosomes form from homologous chromosomes through crossing-over; provides offspring that are not genetically identical to the parents

95
Q

prophase I

A

homologous chromosome pairs are formed and crossing-over occurs

96
Q

metaphase I

A

homologous pairs line up at the equator

97
Q

anaphase I

A

homologous pairs are pulled apart

98
Q

telophase I

A

nuclear membrane reforms

99
Q

meiosis I results in…

A

two haploid cells

100
Q

prophase II

A

DNA condenses

101
Q

metaphase II

A

chromosomes line up at the equator

102
Q

anaphase II

A

sister chromatids are pulled apart

103
Q

telophase II

A

nuclear envelope reforms; four haploid cells are produced

104
Q

the haploid cells that result from meiosis II are also called…

A

gametes

105
Q

generation

A

all the offspring from two parents

106
Q

characteristic

A

a visible trait that can have different variations (ex: flower color)

107
Q

trait

A

the different variations of characteristics (ex: purple flowers)

108
Q

hybrid

A

the offspring of two parents from the same species

109
Q

genetics

A

the science of heredity

110
Q

why were pea plants good test subjects?

A

fast growing and easy to raise

111
Q

procedure

A

cross two different colored flowers (p generation)

112
Q

F1 generation

A

all had the dominant trait

113
Q

F2 generation

A

3 dominant : 1 recessive

114
Q

dominant

A

if it is present in the genotype, the organism will have that trait

115
Q

recessive

A

may be present in the genotype but will not always appear

116
Q

homozygous

A

when the genotype is made up of all the same alleles (ex: RR, rr)

117
Q

heterozygous

A

the genotype is made up of different alleles (ex: Rr)

118
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup

119
Q

phenotype

A

the physical trait

120
Q

law of segregation

A

two factors controlling a certain trait and one is dominant over the other

121
Q

law of independent assortment

A

factors controlling different traits are inherited independently of each other

122
Q

incomplete dominance

A

dominant allele is influenced by the recessive allele

123
Q

codominance

A

both alleles are expressed equally

124
Q

multiple alleles

A

having more than two different alleles for a given traint (ex: blood type)

125
Q

polygenic characteristics

A

controlled by more than 1 gene (ex: skin color)

126
Q

sex-linked traits

A

travel on the X chromosome; if a male has an X chromosome that is dominant for the sex-linked trait then he will have that trait

127
Q

Miescher

A

isolates nuclein

128
Q

Chargaff

A

shows that the proportions of nitrogen bases in organisms is always the same

129
Q

Avery

A

determined that DNA transmits genetic information

130
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

also conclude that DNA is the genetic material

131
Q

Wilkins and Franklin

A

take x-ray images of DNA

132
Q

Watson and Crick

A

determine the 3-D structure of DNA

133
Q

Griffith

A

discovered that genetic info could transfer between organisms

134
Q

DNA is made up of…

A

two nucleotide chains; each nucleotide chain has a sugar/phosphate backbone and nitrogen bases are complementary to each other

135
Q

where does DNA replication take place

A

replication forks

136
Q

1st step of DNA replication

A

DNA helicase unwinds the DNA strand

137
Q

2nd step of DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each strand

138
Q

how is DNA replication semi-conservative?

A

it has one strand from the parent and one new strand

139
Q

how is RNA different from DNA?

A

single strand instead of two, ribose instead of deoxyribose, uracil instead of thymine

140
Q

mRNA

A

messenger; carries instructions for making proteins

141
Q

tRNA

A

transfer; carries amino acids

142
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal; helps form ribosomes

143
Q

transcription

A

takes place in the nucleus, uses DNA as a template to make mRNA strand, it leaves the nucleus

144
Q

translation

A

reads the mRNA strand and makes a protein

145
Q

point mutation

A

change in single nucleotide

146
Q

silent mutation

A

codes for same amino acid

147
Q

missense

A

codes for different amino acid

148
Q

nonsense

A

premature stop codon

149
Q

insertion

A

piece of a chromosome is inserted into another one

150
Q

deletion

A

part of a chromosome is deleted

151
Q

frameshift mutation

A

a change in nucleotides that changes what proteins will be made

152
Q

nondisjunction

A

the failure of replicated chromosomes to separate

153
Q

binomial nomenclature allows…

A

scientists to talk about the same species no matter their native language

154
Q

scientific name includes

A

genus name + species name

155
Q

taxonomic classifications (broad to specific)

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

156
Q

kingdoms in archaea

A

archaebacteria

157
Q

kingdoms in bacteria

A

eubacteria

158
Q

kingdoms in eukarya

A

protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

159
Q

abiotic factors

A

physical, not living (ex: temperature, sunlight, rocks)

160
Q

biotic factors

A

living (ex: animals, plants)

161
Q

ecosystem

A

interactions among the organisms and the physical surroundings in a particular area

162
Q

community

A

all organisms in an ecosystem

163
Q

population

A

members of the same species living in the same area

164
Q

1st trophic level

A

producers

165
Q

2nd trophic level

A

herbivores

166
Q

3rd trophic level

A

carnivores/omnivores

167
Q

4th trophic level

A

top carnivore

168
Q

food chains show…

A

a single path of energy through organisms

169
Q

food webs show…

A

multiple paths of energy through organisms

170
Q

the percentage of energy that is passed to each trophic level

A

10%

171
Q

if a lower trophic level consumes a toxin…

A

the concentration of the toxin becomes higher as it goes up each trophic level

172
Q

runoff

A

streams, rivers; flows across the surface of the earth

173
Q

percolation

A

water settles beneath the surface of the earth

174
Q

transpiration

A

plants release water which evaporates into the atmosphere

175
Q

cellular respiration

A

releases carbon into the atmosphere

176
Q

photosynthesis

A

removes carbon dioxide

177
Q

ammonification

A

nitrogen from dead organic material returns to soil as ammonia

178
Q

nitrification

A

making nitrate from ammonia

179
Q

assimilation

A

process by which plants absorb nitrogen from soil

180
Q

denitrification

A

nitrate is changed into atmospheric nitrogen gas

181
Q

tropical rainforest

A

most diversity; great amounts of rain; humid

182
Q

temperate deciduous forest

A

lots of trees; shed leaves

183
Q

taiga

A

spruces and firs; lakes and marshes

184
Q

tundra

A

coldest biome

185
Q

grasslands

A

few plants except for grass

186
Q

desert

A

hot, little rain

187
Q

chaparral

A

found in cali; summers are very dry

188
Q

freshwater

A

no salt

189
Q

marine

A

salt

190
Q

predation

A

predator eats prey

191
Q

competition

A

organisms are competing for resources

192
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit (ex: bees and flowers)

193
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits and the other is unaffected (ex: hermit crabs and old shells)

194
Q

parasitism

A

one species benefits while the other is harmed; some parasites will kill their host

GIBSON SPANISH (9 decks)

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