bio final Flashcards
what limits size cell?
diffusion
cancer
uncontrolled division of body cells resulting in the creation of abnormal cells
tumor
a mass rapidly dividing cells
cell cycle definition
a continuous series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
phases of interphase
G1, S, G2
G1 phase
rapid cell growth
what phase does the cells spend the most time in?
interphase
S phase
growth and synthesis for DNA, replication
G2
growth, final preparation for mitosis
m phase includes:
mitosis and cytokinesis
mitosis includes:
telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase
cell
building blocks of life
chromosomes
thread like structures in the nucleus, made up of dna, that contains all instructions
dna
deoxyribonucleic acid that carries genetic information
genes
sequence of dna that codes for proteins and determines a trait
body cell
cells in the body of an organism
asexual reproduction
a single parent by itself (divides into 2 or splits)
diploid
a cell that has 2 of every kind of chromosome
body cell includes
asexual, diploids
sex cells
gametes, cells produce by the sex organs of an organism
sperm
male sex cell
egg
female sex cell
sexual reproduction
cells from 2 different parents join together to produce the 1st cell
haploid
a cell that only has 1 chromosome for each pair
sex cell includes:
sexual, haploid
mitosis
making body cells by asexual reproduction, division of nucleus
what does mitosis result in
2 new cells that are identical
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm and organelles, occurs at the same time as mitosis
interphase 1
replication occurs
prophase 1
sister chromatids pair, start to join
anaphase 1
sister chromatids pairs move to opposite poles
telophase 1 and cyto 1
2 haploid cells form
prophase 2
nothing happens
metaphase 2
line up in the middle
anaphase 2
sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
telophase and cyto 2
both cells divide creating 4 cells
meiosis includes:
interphase 1, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase and cyto 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase and cyto 2
meiosis starts with ___ cell
body
meiosis s completed in ___ cell divisions
2
how is meiosis different from the end to the beginning
beginning there is 1 diploid with 4 chromosomes. end there is 4 haploids with 2 chromosomes
why doesn’t replication occur after telophase 1 during meiosis
2 haploids are forming and there is no interphase
why is meiosisclled “reduction division”
it halves the number of chromosomes
ow many devisions occur in meiosis
2
define tetrad
a group of 4 chromatids
benign tumor
defects (mutations) in 1 or 2 genes causes rapid cell division among small groups of cells
malignant tumor
additional mutations lead these cells to divide more rapidly and attack blood cells
carcinogen
a substance that causes mutations in a cell resulting in uncontrolled cell division
radiation therapy
cancer cells are damaged using a bombardment of high energy particles
chemotherapy
treating cancer with chemicals
chromosome
a single strand of coiled dna in the nucleus
what kind of reproduction is mitosis
asexual
what kind of reproduction is meiosis
sexual
mitosis-what kind of cells
body
meiosis- what kind of cells
sex
location mitosis
nucleus
location meiosis
gonads
identical or different?- mitosis
idetical
identical or different- meiosis
different
gametes
sex cells
nondisjunction
chromosome pairs don’t separate during meiosis
crossing over
non sister chromosomes from homologous pairs exchange genetic information
centromere
middle of chromosome
sister chromatid
2 identical chromatids
centrioles
located in cytoplasm near nucleus
dominant genes
genes that keep other genes from showing their traits
recessive
genes that do not show their traits when dominant traits are present
homozygous
an organism with 2 identical alleles/genes for a trait
pure bred
2 identical alleles/genes
pure dominant
organisms with 2 dominant
pure recessive
organisms with 2 recessive
heterozygous
organism that has 2 different
hybrid
2 different alleles/genes
multiple alleles
traits for which more than 2 possible alleles exist
trait
specific characteristics
gene
small section of a chromosome that determines a trait
allele
different forms of 1 gene
probability
tendency a particular event will occur
cross
combining alleles from the mother and father for a particular gene
Punnett square
a diagram that is used to show possible gene combination
genotype
genetic make up
phenotype
physical characteristics
codominance
both alleles contribute to the phenotype
incomplete dominance
one alley is not completely dominant over another
codomiance has what as the subscript
letters
incomplete dominance has what as the subscript
1
A genotype
I^A I^A or I^A i
principle of dominance
some alleles are dominant and some are recessive, these traits are passed from parent to offspring
what are the purines
adenine and guanine
what are the pyridines
thymine and cytosine
what makes up the backbone of a dna molecule
phosphate group a doxyribose
what bond holds the sugar phosphate backbone together
covalent
the sequence of ___ determine code for life
nitrogen bases
what bonds hold base pairs
hydrogen
what must happen before replication can occur
unwind and unzip
mutations
a change in genetics
point mutations
change in 1 or a few nucleotides
substituions
one base is substituted or changed for another
frame shift mutation
changes in the 3 base reading frame
insertion
causes the entire reading frame to shift
deletion
base is removed from sequence
inversion
part of chromosome is reversed
translocation
part of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another
where does replication occur
nucleus
where does transcription occur
nucleus
where does translation occur
ribosome
dna
nucleus acid that stores and transmits hereditary
rna
acts as a messenger carrying instructions for dna to make proteins
replication
copying or duplicating dna
transcription
copying a part of the nucleotide sequence of dna into a complementary sequence of RNA
translation
decoding of mRNA message into a protein chain
codon
3 nucleotides in a row on mRNA that code for a specific amino acid
what are the 3 parts of a dna mlecule
deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogen base
deoxyribose
simple sugar
phosphate group
phosphate
nitrogen bases
nitrogen containing base
base pairs
hydrogen bonds form between specific bases to hold the 2 strands o dna together
what base pairs go together
A+T and C+G
ribose
sugar in rna
in rna, what is in place of thymine
uracil
rna single stranded or double?
single
dna single stranded or double?
double
contains deoxyribose
dna
contains ribose
rna
found in nucleus
dna, rna
found in cytoplasm
rna
messenger rna (mRNA) location
nucleus-cytoplasm-ribosome
messenger rna (mRNA)
carrys copies of instructions for assembling amino acids from dna
ribosomal rna (rRNA) location
ribosome
ribosomal rna (rRNA)
parts of ribosome
transfer rna (tRNA) location
cytoplasm
transfer rna (tRNA)
transfers each amino acid to ribosome to help assemble proteins
transgenic
organism or cell that has been altered
what did Darwin observe?
diversity among plants and animals
gene pool
all of the genes/alleles in a population capable of interbreeding
relative frequncy
the number of times an allele occurs in gene pool
single gene trait
traits controlled by one gene that has 2 alleles (discrete trait)
polygenic trait
controlled by more than one set of alleles
directional selection
one end has higher fitness than the middle
stablizing
center have highest fitness
disruptive
upper and lower end have higher fitness
homologous structures
structures that have different forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue
vestigal organs
organs that serve no useful function in organism
artificial selection
humans selecting organisms for breeding that have useful or desired traits
struggle for existence
members of a species compete regularly for food, living space, etc
adaptions
an inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival
fitness
the ability of an organisms to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
natural selection
individuals that are bette suited to their environment, survive and reproduce the most successful
descent with modification
each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
evolution
a change in mind of organism over time
speciation
changes that lead to the formation of a new species
behaviorally isolation
differences in courtship and reproductive strategies involving behaviors
geographic isolation
seperation by geographic barriers
temporal isolation
species may reproduce at different times
fossil
preserved remaining of evidence of an ancient organism
extinction
species die out
adaptive radiation
single species/groups of organisms evolve into diverse forms that live in different ways
convergent evolution
unrelated organisms evolve independently to resemble one another because they are in the same habitat
coevolution
2 organisms, which depend on each other, change because of changes in another
punctuated equilibrium
long stable periods of equilibrium followed by breif period of rapid change
genetic drift
random change in allele frequency
reproductive isolation
when new species evolve, differences in reproduction
Weinberg principle
mating is random, population is very large, no emigrating, no mutations, no natural selection
dichotomous key
a key for identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characteristics
cladorgram
a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
taxon
each level of Linnaeus classification
kingdom
a group closely related to phyla
phylum
a group closely related to classes
class
closely related to order
order
closely related family
family
closely related to genera
genus
closely related species
name all domains in order
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
taxonomy
classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepting name
binomial nomenclature
classification system in which each specie is assigned a 2 part scientific name
genus
a group of closely related species
domain
a group of related kingdoms
what are the 3 domain systems
eukarya, bacteria, archaea
what’s in eukarya
protist, fungi, plantae, animalia
what’s in bacteria system
eubacteria
what’s in archaea system
archaebacteria
the scientific name is always written how
italics or underlined
the first word is always written how
1st letter capitalized, represents the genus
second word is
lower case, represents species
circulatory system
circulate blood, removes waste, helps blood clotting
circulate blood, removes waste, helps blood clotting
circulatory system
skeletal system
protects organs, allows movement, produces blood cells
protects organs, allows movement, produces blood cells
skeletal system
digesive system
digest and absorb food, transports food
digest and absorb food, transports food
digesive system
excretory system
filter waste, convert food to energy, release hormones
filter waste, convert food to energy, release hormones
excretory system
muscular system
mobility, stability, posture, circulation
mobility, stability, posture, circulation
muscular system
nervous system
made of nerves, spinal cord, central, peripheral
made of nerves, spinal cord, central, peripheral
nervous system
respiratory
takes oxygen to heart
takes oxygen to heart
respiratory
