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bio final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what limits size cell?

A

diffusion

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2
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled division of body cells resulting in the creation of abnormal cells

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3
Q

tumor

A

a mass rapidly dividing cells

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4
Q

cell cycle definition

A

a continuous series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

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5
Q

phases of interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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6
Q

G1 phase

A

rapid cell growth

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7
Q

what phase does the cells spend the most time in?

A

interphase

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8
Q

S phase

A

growth and synthesis for DNA, replication

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9
Q

G2

A

growth, final preparation for mitosis

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10
Q

m phase includes:

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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11
Q

mitosis includes:

A

telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase

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12
Q

cell

A

building blocks of life

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13
Q

chromosomes

A

thread like structures in the nucleus, made up of dna, that contains all instructions

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14
Q

dna

A

deoxyribonucleic acid that carries genetic information

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15
Q

genes

A

sequence of dna that codes for proteins and determines a trait

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16
Q

body cell

A

cells in the body of an organism

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17
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a single parent by itself (divides into 2 or splits)

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18
Q

diploid

A

a cell that has 2 of every kind of chromosome

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19
Q

body cell includes

A

asexual, diploids

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20
Q

sex cells

A

gametes, cells produce by the sex organs of an organism

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21
Q

sperm

A

male sex cell

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22
Q

egg

A

female sex cell

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23
Q

sexual reproduction

A

cells from 2 different parents join together to produce the 1st cell

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24
Q

haploid

A

a cell that only has 1 chromosome for each pair

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25
Q

sex cell includes:

A

sexual, haploid

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26
Q

mitosis

A

making body cells by asexual reproduction, division of nucleus

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27
Q

what does mitosis result in

A

2 new cells that are identical

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28
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm and organelles, occurs at the same time as mitosis

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29
Q

interphase 1

A

replication occurs

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30
Q

prophase 1

A

sister chromatids pair, start to join

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31
Q

anaphase 1

A

sister chromatids pairs move to opposite poles

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32
Q

telophase 1 and cyto 1

A

2 haploid cells form

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33
Q

prophase 2

A

nothing happens

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34
Q

metaphase 2

A

line up in the middle

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35
Q

anaphase 2

A

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

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36
Q

telophase and cyto 2

A

both cells divide creating 4 cells

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37
Q

meiosis includes:

A

interphase 1, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase and cyto 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase and cyto 2

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38
Q

meiosis starts with ___ cell

A

body

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39
Q

meiosis s completed in ___ cell divisions

A

2

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40
Q

how is meiosis different from the end to the beginning

A

beginning there is 1 diploid with 4 chromosomes. end there is 4 haploids with 2 chromosomes

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41
Q

why doesn’t replication occur after telophase 1 during meiosis

A

2 haploids are forming and there is no interphase

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42
Q

why is meiosisclled “reduction division”

A

it halves the number of chromosomes

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43
Q

ow many devisions occur in meiosis

A

2

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44
Q

define tetrad

A

a group of 4 chromatids

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45
Q

benign tumor

A

defects (mutations) in 1 or 2 genes causes rapid cell division among small groups of cells

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46
Q

malignant tumor

A

additional mutations lead these cells to divide more rapidly and attack blood cells

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47
Q

carcinogen

A

a substance that causes mutations in a cell resulting in uncontrolled cell division

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48
Q

radiation therapy

A

cancer cells are damaged using a bombardment of high energy particles

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49
Q

chemotherapy

A

treating cancer with chemicals

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50
Q

chromosome

A

a single strand of coiled dna in the nucleus

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51
Q

what kind of reproduction is mitosis

A

asexual

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52
Q

what kind of reproduction is meiosis

A

sexual

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53
Q

mitosis-what kind of cells

A

body

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54
Q

meiosis- what kind of cells

A

sex

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55
Q

location mitosis

A

nucleus

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56
Q

location meiosis

A

gonads

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57
Q

identical or different?- mitosis

A

idetical

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58
Q

identical or different- meiosis

A

different

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59
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

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60
Q

nondisjunction

A

chromosome pairs don’t separate during meiosis

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61
Q

crossing over

A

non sister chromosomes from homologous pairs exchange genetic information

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62
Q

centromere

A

middle of chromosome

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63
Q

sister chromatid

A

2 identical chromatids

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64
Q

centrioles

A

located in cytoplasm near nucleus

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65
Q

dominant genes

A

genes that keep other genes from showing their traits

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66
Q

recessive

A

genes that do not show their traits when dominant traits are present

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67
Q

homozygous

A

an organism with 2 identical alleles/genes for a trait

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68
Q

pure bred

A

2 identical alleles/genes

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69
Q

pure dominant

A

organisms with 2 dominant

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70
Q

pure recessive

A

organisms with 2 recessive

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71
Q

heterozygous

A

organism that has 2 different

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72
Q

hybrid

A

2 different alleles/genes

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73
Q

multiple alleles

A

traits for which more than 2 possible alleles exist

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74
Q

trait

A

specific characteristics

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75
Q

gene

A

small section of a chromosome that determines a trait

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76
Q

allele

A

different forms of 1 gene

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77
Q

probability

A

tendency a particular event will occur

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78
Q

cross

A

combining alleles from the mother and father for a particular gene

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79
Q

Punnett square

A

a diagram that is used to show possible gene combination

80
Q

genotype

A

genetic make up

81
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics

82
Q

codominance

A

both alleles contribute to the phenotype

83
Q

incomplete dominance

A

one alley is not completely dominant over another

84
Q

codomiance has what as the subscript

A

letters

85
Q

incomplete dominance has what as the subscript

A

1

86
Q

A genotype

A

I^A I^A or I^A i

87
Q

principle of dominance

A

some alleles are dominant and some are recessive, these traits are passed from parent to offspring

88
Q

what are the purines

A

adenine and guanine

89
Q

what are the pyridines

A

thymine and cytosine

89
Q

what makes up the backbone of a dna molecule

A

phosphate group a doxyribose

90
Q

what bond holds the sugar phosphate backbone together

A

covalent

91
Q

the sequence of ___ determine code for life

A

nitrogen bases

92
Q

what bonds hold base pairs

A

hydrogen

93
Q

what must happen before replication can occur

A

unwind and unzip

94
Q

mutations

A

a change in genetics

95
Q

point mutations

A

change in 1 or a few nucleotides

96
Q

substituions

A

one base is substituted or changed for another

97
Q

frame shift mutation

A

changes in the 3 base reading frame

98
Q

insertion

A

causes the entire reading frame to shift

99
Q

deletion

A

base is removed from sequence

100
Q

inversion

A

part of chromosome is reversed

101
Q

translocation

A

part of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

102
Q

where does replication occur

A

nucleus

103
Q

where does transcription occur

A

nucleus

104
Q

where does translation occur

A

ribosome

105
Q

dna

A

nucleus acid that stores and transmits hereditary

106
Q

rna

A

acts as a messenger carrying instructions for dna to make proteins

107
Q

replication

A

copying or duplicating dna

108
Q

transcription

A

copying a part of the nucleotide sequence of dna into a complementary sequence of RNA

109
Q

translation

A

decoding of mRNA message into a protein chain

110
Q

codon

A

3 nucleotides in a row on mRNA that code for a specific amino acid

111
Q

what are the 3 parts of a dna mlecule

A

deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogen base

112
Q

deoxyribose

A

simple sugar

113
Q

phosphate group

A

phosphate

114
Q

nitrogen bases

A

nitrogen containing base

115
Q

base pairs

A

hydrogen bonds form between specific bases to hold the 2 strands o dna together

116
Q

what base pairs go together

A

A+T and C+G

117
Q

ribose

A

sugar in rna

118
Q

in rna, what is in place of thymine

A

uracil

119
Q

rna single stranded or double?

A

single

120
Q

dna single stranded or double?

A

double

121
Q

contains deoxyribose

A

dna

122
Q

contains ribose

A

rna

123
Q

found in nucleus

A

dna, rna

124
Q

found in cytoplasm

A

rna

125
Q

messenger rna (mRNA) location

A

nucleus-cytoplasm-ribosome

126
Q

messenger rna (mRNA)

A

carrys copies of instructions for assembling amino acids from dna

127
Q

ribosomal rna (rRNA) location

A

ribosome

128
Q

ribosomal rna (rRNA)

A

parts of ribosome

129
Q

transfer rna (tRNA) location

A

cytoplasm

130
Q

transfer rna (tRNA)

A

transfers each amino acid to ribosome to help assemble proteins

131
Q

transgenic

A

organism or cell that has been altered

132
Q

what did Darwin observe?

A

diversity among plants and animals

133
Q

gene pool

A

all of the genes/alleles in a population capable of interbreeding

134
Q

relative frequncy

A

the number of times an allele occurs in gene pool

135
Q

single gene trait

A

traits controlled by one gene that has 2 alleles (discrete trait)

136
Q

polygenic trait

A

controlled by more than one set of alleles

137
Q

directional selection

A

one end has higher fitness than the middle

138
Q

stablizing

A

center have highest fitness

139
Q

disruptive

A

upper and lower end have higher fitness

140
Q

homologous structures

A

structures that have different forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue

141
Q

vestigal organs

A

organs that serve no useful function in organism

142
Q

artificial selection

A

humans selecting organisms for breeding that have useful or desired traits

143
Q

struggle for existence

A

members of a species compete regularly for food, living space, etc

144
Q

adaptions

A

an inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival

145
Q

fitness

A

the ability of an organisms to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

146
Q

natural selection

A

individuals that are bette suited to their environment, survive and reproduce the most successful

147
Q

descent with modification

A

each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time

148
Q

evolution

A

a change in mind of organism over time

149
Q

speciation

A

changes that lead to the formation of a new species

150
Q

behaviorally isolation

A

differences in courtship and reproductive strategies involving behaviors

151
Q

geographic isolation

A

seperation by geographic barriers

152
Q

temporal isolation

A

species may reproduce at different times

153
Q

fossil

A

preserved remaining of evidence of an ancient organism

154
Q

extinction

A

species die out

155
Q

adaptive radiation

A

single species/groups of organisms evolve into diverse forms that live in different ways

156
Q

convergent evolution

A

unrelated organisms evolve independently to resemble one another because they are in the same habitat

157
Q

coevolution

A

2 organisms, which depend on each other, change because of changes in another

158
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

long stable periods of equilibrium followed by breif period of rapid change

159
Q

genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequency

160
Q

reproductive isolation

A

when new species evolve, differences in reproduction

161
Q

Weinberg principle

A

mating is random, population is very large, no emigrating, no mutations, no natural selection

162
Q

dichotomous key

A

a key for identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characteristics

163
Q

cladorgram

A

a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

164
Q

taxon

A

each level of Linnaeus classification

165
Q

kingdom

A

a group closely related to phyla

166
Q

phylum

A

a group closely related to classes

167
Q

class

A

closely related to order

168
Q

order

A

closely related family

169
Q

family

A

closely related to genera

170
Q

genus

A

closely related species

171
Q

name all domains in order

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

172
Q

taxonomy

A

classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepting name

173
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

classification system in which each specie is assigned a 2 part scientific name

174
Q

genus

A

a group of closely related species

175
Q

domain

A

a group of related kingdoms

176
Q

what are the 3 domain systems

A

eukarya, bacteria, archaea

177
Q

what’s in eukarya

A

protist, fungi, plantae, animalia

178
Q

what’s in bacteria system

A

eubacteria

179
Q

what’s in archaea system

A

archaebacteria

180
Q

the scientific name is always written how

A

italics or underlined

181
Q

the first word is always written how

A

1st letter capitalized, represents the genus

182
Q

second word is

A

lower case, represents species

183
Q

circulatory system

A

circulate blood, removes waste, helps blood clotting

184
Q

circulate blood, removes waste, helps blood clotting

A

circulatory system

185
Q

skeletal system

A

protects organs, allows movement, produces blood cells

186
Q

protects organs, allows movement, produces blood cells

A

skeletal system

187
Q

digesive system

A

digest and absorb food, transports food

188
Q

digest and absorb food, transports food

A

digesive system

189
Q

excretory system

A

filter waste, convert food to energy, release hormones

190
Q

filter waste, convert food to energy, release hormones

A

excretory system

191
Q

muscular system

A

mobility, stability, posture, circulation

192
Q

mobility, stability, posture, circulation

A

muscular system

193
Q

nervous system

A

made of nerves, spinal cord, central, peripheral

194
Q

made of nerves, spinal cord, central, peripheral

A

nervous system

195
Q

respiratory

A

takes oxygen to heart

196
Q

takes oxygen to heart

A

respiratory

bio dna (4 decks)

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