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Bio Final Flashcards

1
Q

The first
vessel that carries blood through the circulation:

A

Aorta

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2
Q

The 3 types of vessels

A

Artries, capillaries
and veins

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3
Q

Arteries:

A

large vessels that carry blad from the heart to the body

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4
Q

Types of blood artries carry

A

All of em carry exygenated blood except pulmonary artery

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5
Q

What helps arteries to withstand the powerful pressure produced by the heart’s pumping:

A

Thick elastic walls

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6
Q

Three layers of tissue found in artery
walls:

A

connective tissue, smooth muscles, endothelium. (Outer, middle, inner)

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7
Q

Connective tissue:

A

Vessel’s outer tissue that helps vessels expand under pressure and connects them to surrounding tissues

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8
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Regulates the diameter of arteries

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9
Q

Endothelium
tissue:

A

lines
The
walls
of all blood
Vessels

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10
Q

Capillaries:

A

smallest bood vessels

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11
Q

How
does blood pass through capillaries

A

In a single file: (call by cell)

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12
Q

Purpose of capillaries’ very thin
walls:

A

allows o2 and nutrients to diffues, &waste too

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13
Q

Veins

A

vescles that return blood
to
the heart
after it passes through capilaries

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14
Q

Venule

A

very small vessel
that form when capillaries unite

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15
Q

venules:

A

plural tor venule. unite & form vein.

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16
Q

How does blood flow ageinst granity in veins:

A

Veins
are located near & between skelatal
muscles so when contracted it squeezes the vein

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17
Q

Why do veins contain valves:

A

To
Ensure
blood
continues
to flow in one direction

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18
Q

Plasma components:

A

90% water, 10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste, plasma proteins, cholesterol, and other imp compounds

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19
Q

main function of red bload delis (RBCs) :

A

to
transport oxygen

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20
Q

Function of white blood as (WBCs):

A

guard against infection, fight parasites attach bacteria.

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21
Q

What helps in biood clotting:

A

plasma proteins & platelets

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22
Q

function
of platelets:

A

blood clotting

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23
Q

functions of blood:

A

serves as the body’s transportation system, help regulate body temp, fight
infections,
produce
clots to
minimize blood loss.

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24
Q

Percentage of blood’s
components:

A

Plasma (55 %) , RBCs (45% or 45%) , wBc+patelets(<1%)

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25
Q

Amount of blood in
human:

A

4 to 6 liters of blood

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26
Q

Purpose of
water in plasma::

A

helps
control body
temp

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27
Q

Plasma proteins 3 types:

A

albumin, globulins,
fibrinogen

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28
Q

Globulins:

A

transports substances like
fatty acids, hormones, vitamins. Some fight viral and bacterial infections

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29
Q

Albumin

A

transports substances like fatty acids, hormones, vitamins.

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30
Q

Fibrinogen

A

necessary for blood to clot

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31
Q

Plasma proteins percentages:

A

Albumin (58 % )
Globulins (38%) , Fibrinogen (4%)

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32
Q

Most numerous cells in blood:

A

RBCs

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33
Q

Another name for RBCs:.

A

erythrocytes

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34
Q

How do RBCs get their crimson color:

A

from the
iron
In hemoglobin

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35
Q

hemoglobin:

A

a protein that binds
oxygen in the lungs and releases it in capillary networks.

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36
Q

Hemoglobin components:

A

polypeptide chain (globin), Heme, 02, iron

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37
Q

shape of RBCs:

A

they’re disks that are
thinner in their center
than their edges

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38
Q

What produces RBCs:

A

Red bone marrow.

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39
Q

whats forced out of RBCs after
they mature:

A

their nucleus and other organelles as
They fill w hemoglobin

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40
Q

for
now
long
do RBCs
survive:

A

120 days

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41
Q

where are RBCs destroyed

A

in the
liver & spleen

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42
Q

Name
of
RBCs
shape:

A

Biconcave

43
Q

Another name
for
WBCs:

A

leukocytes

44
Q

what happens to the number WBCs when its fighting an infection

A

Increase’s dramatically

45
Q

What produces WBCs:

A

Stem cells In bone marrow. They keep their organelles and nuclei

46
Q

for how long do WBCs
live:

A

for years

47
Q

Where are WBCs
other than
In vessels

A

They slip through
capillaries to fight foreign organisms

48
Q

Types of WBCs

A

Neutrophils: Kill bacteria, fungi
& forein debris.

Monorytes: Clenn up daneged cells

Eosinophils: kill parasites, cancer cells. And involved in allergic response.

Basophils: Involved in allergic response

Lymphocytes : help fight viruses and make antibodies.
B Lymphocytes: involned in immune respunge
T Lymphocytes: help fight tumors of viruses

49
Q

what makes platelets:

A

the division of
the cytoplasm of certain bone marrow cells into
thousands of small (membrane- enclosed ) fragments & enter.
the blood.

50
Q

when are platelets
activated

A

when an injury causes a blod vessel wall to breaks.

51
Q

shape of platelets B4 & After its
activated:

A

from round to spiky

52
Q

what Do platelets do to the broken vessel wall?

A

stick to it & begin to plug it.

53
Q

How is insoluble fibrin formed:

A

by the interaction of fibrinagen (plasma protein) with
platelets using
the help of Calcium: (required)

54
Q

what do fibrin strands form:

A

a net that entraps more platelets and cells to form a clot

55
Q

what does a clot form into:

A

a scab.
, which protects the wound as it heals.

56
Q

Necessity/benifits
for blood clotting

A

Prevents
excess blood loss
when
there’s
a damaged.
blood vessel

Prevents entry
of microorganisms and forein cells into the body

promote wound healing

maintain blood pressure

57
Q

Function
of lymphatic system:

A

collets the lymph, That leaves.
Capillaries , screens it for microorganism,
then returns it to
the circulatory
System.

58
Q

What’s the lymphatic system

A

Network of vessels, nodes and organs that collets the lymph, That leaves.
Capillaries, screens it for microorganism,
then returns it to
the circulatory
System.

59
Q

what happens as blood passes through
capillaries :

A

some blood cells and plasma components slip through capillaries into the fluid between cells.
carrying salts, nutrients & dissolved gasses.

60
Q

Lymph:

A

the fluid that spills out of capillaries. but is reabsorbed by the cappilary-(not al)

61
Q

where the unabsorbed lymph goes:

A

into the Lymphatic system

62
Q

Blood component that cant get out of tissue fluid:

A

RBC, be they’re too large

63
Q

Blood compoments that leak out of
cappilaries:

A

plasma & WBCs.

64
Q

Benifit of tissue fluid:

A

since capillaries
cant reach all body cells, tissue fluid, does. It
diffuses the simpoments it holds to the unreached cells and takes the waste.

65
Q

Tissue fluid:

A

fluid that surrounds all cells &
is the spilled blood components
from the capillaries

66
Q

functions of
tissue fluid:

A

exchange of substances take place between cells & tissue fluid.
(O2 diffuses from blood -> tissue fluid-> cells) And
(CO2 and wastes diffuses from blood-> tissue Fluid-> cells)

Works to maintain homeostasis to Keep the temp & osmotic pressure of blood constant.

67
Q

How is the plasma And WBCs that leaked out of capillaries drained and returned back to blood.

A

part of tissue fluid is drained by capillaries into blood.

part of tissue finid is drained by lymphatlc vessels (capillaries )

68
Q

When is the tissue fluid called lymph

A

when it enters the lymphatic vessels

69
Q

why do lymph vessels hare valves:

A

to prevent lymph from flowing backwards.

70
Q

what helps lymph to move though lymph vessels

A

pressure on it from surrounding skeletal
muscles

71
Q

Sub calvian veins

A

veins below the shoulder that was ducks that allow lymph to return to the blood.

72
Q

lymph nodes:

A

small bean
shaped enlargments that are scattered through out the body

73
Q

function of lymph Nodes

A

act as filters, trapping microorganisms, stray cancer
cells, debris

74
Q

swollen glands

A

enlarged lymph nodes due to it trapping
a large number of microorganisms- which are actually symptoms of certain kinds of infections

75
Q

Thymus:

A

the organ located beneath the sternum where T lymphocytes mature b4 functioning

76
Q

Spleen

A

organ that cleanses blood that flows through it from microorganisms and other debris. It also removes old or damaged blood cells + stores platelets

77
Q

Circulatory system

A

Transports o2, nutrients and other substances throughout the body and removes wastes from tissues

78
Q

heart:

A

pumps blood
through
the body

79
Q

adult’s average
heart contractions

A

72 times a minute

80
Q

amount of blood pumped in each contraction:

A

70 mL

81
Q

Septum:

A

A wall that separates the right from the left side at the heart and prevents poor blood and rich blood from mixing

82
Q

On each
side of
the septum

A

There’s an upper
& lowver
chamber

83
Q

atrium

A

upper chamber,
recieves
blood
from the body

84
Q

ventricle

A

lower chamber pumps blood out of the heart.

85
Q

aorta:

A

carries On rich blood from the left ventricle to the body

86
Q

superior
Vena cava:

A

bring o2 poor
blood from the upper
body to the right atrium

87
Q

inferior vena cava:

A

bring o2 poor
blood from the lower body to the right atrium

88
Q

right atrium:

A

accepts O2 poor blood from the body

89
Q

right ventricle

A

pumps o2 poor blood To the lungs.

90
Q

left
atrium:

A

accepts O2 rich blood from The lungs.

91
Q

left ventricle:

A

pumps o2 rich blood to the body

92
Q

pulmonary
arteries:

A

carries o2 poor
blood to the lungs

93
Q

left pulmonary
veins:

A

brings O2 rich blood from the left lung to the right atrium.

94
Q

right pulmonary veins:

A

brings by rich blood from Right lung to the right atrium

95
Q

valves

A
  • stops blood from flowing backward. the pressure of the blood pushes
    the valve upward.
96
Q

atrioventricular valves:

A

between atria an ventricles. (bicuspid or mitral valve for left side, tricuspid valve for right side)

97
Q

semilunay valves:

A

at the exits
of the ventricles.
(pulmonary valve,
valve, aortic
valve)

98
Q

The 2 pumps of the heart

A

one pump pushes blood to the lungs. And one pump pushes blood to the rest of the body

99
Q

the 2 path ways
of blood through the body:

A

pulmonary
and
Systemic
circulation

100
Q

right side of the heart:

A

pumps o2 poor blood from
heart to lungs (pulmonary circulation)

101
Q

How blood recieves O2 and releases CO2

A

By diffusion in the lungs

102
Q

left side of the heart:

A

pumps o2 rich blood
to the rest of the body (systemic circulation)

103
Q

Largest are terry in the body:

A

Aorta which blood leaves from the heart to
the rest of the body.

104
Q

How many leaflets does the aorta have

A

3 leaflets

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