Bio Final Flashcards
The first
vessel that carries blood through the circulation:
Aorta
The 3 types of vessels
Artries, capillaries
and veins
Arteries:
large vessels that carry blad from the heart to the body
Types of blood artries carry
All of em carry exygenated blood except pulmonary artery
What helps arteries to withstand the powerful pressure produced by the heart’s pumping:
Thick elastic walls
Three layers of tissue found in artery
walls:
connective tissue, smooth muscles, endothelium. (Outer, middle, inner)
Connective tissue:
Vessel’s outer tissue that helps vessels expand under pressure and connects them to surrounding tissues
Smooth muscle
Regulates the diameter of arteries
Endothelium
tissue:
lines
The
walls
of all blood
Vessels
Capillaries:
smallest bood vessels
How
does blood pass through capillaries
In a single file: (call by cell)
Purpose of capillaries’ very thin
walls:
allows o2 and nutrients to diffues, &waste too
Veins
vescles that return blood
to
the heart
after it passes through capilaries
Venule
very small vessel
that form when capillaries unite
venules:
plural tor venule. unite & form vein.
How does blood flow ageinst granity in veins:
Veins
are located near & between skelatal
muscles so when contracted it squeezes the vein
Why do veins contain valves:
To
Ensure
blood
continues
to flow in one direction
Plasma components:
90% water, 10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste, plasma proteins, cholesterol, and other imp compounds
main function of red bload delis (RBCs) :
to
transport oxygen
Function of white blood as (WBCs):
guard against infection, fight parasites attach bacteria.
What helps in biood clotting:
plasma proteins & platelets
function
of platelets:
blood clotting
functions of blood:
serves as the body’s transportation system, help regulate body temp, fight
infections,
produce
clots to
minimize blood loss.
Percentage of blood’s
components:
Plasma (55 %) , RBCs (45% or 45%) , wBc+patelets(<1%)
Amount of blood in
human:
4 to 6 liters of blood
Purpose of
water in plasma::
helps
control body
temp
Plasma proteins 3 types:
albumin, globulins,
fibrinogen
Globulins:
transports substances like
fatty acids, hormones, vitamins. Some fight viral and bacterial infections
Albumin
transports substances like fatty acids, hormones, vitamins.
Fibrinogen
necessary for blood to clot
Plasma proteins percentages:
Albumin (58 % )
Globulins (38%) , Fibrinogen (4%)
Most numerous cells in blood:
RBCs
Another name for RBCs:.
erythrocytes
How do RBCs get their crimson color:
from the
iron
In hemoglobin
hemoglobin:
a protein that binds
oxygen in the lungs and releases it in capillary networks.
Hemoglobin components:
polypeptide chain (globin), Heme, 02, iron
shape of RBCs:
they’re disks that are
thinner in their center
than their edges
What produces RBCs:
Red bone marrow.
whats forced out of RBCs after
they mature:
their nucleus and other organelles as
They fill w hemoglobin
for
now
long
do RBCs
survive:
120 days
where are RBCs destroyed
in the
liver & spleen
Name
of
RBCs
shape:
Biconcave
Another name
for
WBCs:
leukocytes
what happens to the number WBCs when its fighting an infection
Increase’s dramatically
What produces WBCs:
Stem cells In bone marrow. They keep their organelles and nuclei
for how long do WBCs
live:
for years
Where are WBCs
other than
In vessels
They slip through
capillaries to fight foreign organisms
Types of WBCs
Neutrophils: Kill bacteria, fungi
& forein debris.
Monorytes: Clenn up daneged cells
Eosinophils: kill parasites, cancer cells. And involved in allergic response.
Basophils: Involved in allergic response
Lymphocytes : help fight viruses and make antibodies.
B Lymphocytes: involned in immune respunge
T Lymphocytes: help fight tumors of viruses
what makes platelets:
the division of
the cytoplasm of certain bone marrow cells into
thousands of small (membrane- enclosed ) fragments & enter.
the blood.
when are platelets
activated
when an injury causes a blod vessel wall to breaks.
shape of platelets B4 & After its
activated:
from round to spiky
what Do platelets do to the broken vessel wall?
stick to it & begin to plug it.
How is insoluble fibrin formed:
by the interaction of fibrinagen (plasma protein) with
platelets using
the help of Calcium: (required)
what do fibrin strands form:
a net that entraps more platelets and cells to form a clot
what does a clot form into:
a scab.
, which protects the wound as it heals.
Necessity/benifits
for blood clotting
Prevents
excess blood loss
when
there’s
a damaged.
blood vessel
Prevents entry
of microorganisms and forein cells into the body
promote wound healing
maintain blood pressure
Function
of lymphatic system:
collets the lymph, That leaves.
Capillaries , screens it for microorganism,
then returns it to
the circulatory
System.
What’s the lymphatic system
Network of vessels, nodes and organs that collets the lymph, That leaves.
Capillaries, screens it for microorganism,
then returns it to
the circulatory
System.
what happens as blood passes through
capillaries :
some blood cells and plasma components slip through capillaries into the fluid between cells.
carrying salts, nutrients & dissolved gasses.
Lymph:
the fluid that spills out of capillaries. but is reabsorbed by the cappilary-(not al)
where the unabsorbed lymph goes:
into the Lymphatic system
Blood component that cant get out of tissue fluid:
RBC, be they’re too large
Blood compoments that leak out of
cappilaries:
plasma & WBCs.
Benifit of tissue fluid:
since capillaries
cant reach all body cells, tissue fluid, does. It
diffuses the simpoments it holds to the unreached cells and takes the waste.
Tissue fluid:
fluid that surrounds all cells &
is the spilled blood components
from the capillaries
functions of
tissue fluid:
exchange of substances take place between cells & tissue fluid.
(O2 diffuses from blood -> tissue fluid-> cells) And
(CO2 and wastes diffuses from blood-> tissue Fluid-> cells)
Works to maintain homeostasis to Keep the temp & osmotic pressure of blood constant.
How is the plasma And WBCs that leaked out of capillaries drained and returned back to blood.
part of tissue fluid is drained by capillaries into blood.
part of tissue finid is drained by lymphatlc vessels (capillaries )
When is the tissue fluid called lymph
when it enters the lymphatic vessels
why do lymph vessels hare valves:
to prevent lymph from flowing backwards.
what helps lymph to move though lymph vessels
pressure on it from surrounding skeletal
muscles
Sub calvian veins
veins below the shoulder that was ducks that allow lymph to return to the blood.
lymph nodes:
small bean
shaped enlargments that are scattered through out the body
function of lymph Nodes
act as filters, trapping microorganisms, stray cancer
cells, debris
swollen glands
enlarged lymph nodes due to it trapping
a large number of microorganisms- which are actually symptoms of certain kinds of infections
Thymus:
the organ located beneath the sternum where T lymphocytes mature b4 functioning
Spleen
organ that cleanses blood that flows through it from microorganisms and other debris. It also removes old or damaged blood cells + stores platelets
Circulatory system
Transports o2, nutrients and other substances throughout the body and removes wastes from tissues
heart:
pumps blood
through
the body
adult’s average
heart contractions
72 times a minute
amount of blood pumped in each contraction:
70 mL
Septum:
A wall that separates the right from the left side at the heart and prevents poor blood and rich blood from mixing
On each
side of
the septum
There’s an upper
& lowver
chamber
atrium
upper chamber,
recieves
blood
from the body
ventricle
lower chamber pumps blood out of the heart.
aorta:
carries On rich blood from the left ventricle to the body
superior
Vena cava:
bring o2 poor
blood from the upper
body to the right atrium
inferior vena cava:
bring o2 poor
blood from the lower body to the right atrium
right atrium:
accepts O2 poor blood from the body
right ventricle
pumps o2 poor blood To the lungs.
left
atrium:
accepts O2 rich blood from The lungs.
left ventricle:
pumps o2 rich blood to the body
pulmonary
arteries:
carries o2 poor
blood to the lungs
left pulmonary
veins:
brings O2 rich blood from the left lung to the right atrium.
right pulmonary veins:
brings by rich blood from Right lung to the right atrium
valves
- stops blood from flowing backward. the pressure of the blood pushes
the valve upward.
atrioventricular valves:
between atria an ventricles. (bicuspid or mitral valve for left side, tricuspid valve for right side)
semilunay valves:
at the exits
of the ventricles.
(pulmonary valve,
valve, aortic
valve)
The 2 pumps of the heart
one pump pushes blood to the lungs. And one pump pushes blood to the rest of the body
the 2 path ways
of blood through the body:
pulmonary
and
Systemic
circulation
right side of the heart:
pumps o2 poor blood from
heart to lungs (pulmonary circulation)
How blood recieves O2 and releases CO2
By diffusion in the lungs
left side of the heart:
pumps o2 rich blood
to the rest of the body (systemic circulation)
Largest are terry in the body:
Aorta which blood leaves from the heart to
the rest of the body.
How many leaflets does the aorta have
3 leaflets
