BIO EXAM CP Flashcards
what are the three parts of the cell theory?
- all living things are composed of cells
- cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things
- all cells come from preexisting cells
how would you be able to recognize a prokaryotic cell under a microscope?
They don’t have a nucleus and are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.
what cells enclose their DNA in a nucleus?
Eukaryotic cells
what does the nucleus do?
contains and stores DNA
what organelle breaks down other organelles and other cells?
lysosomes
what organelle converts chemical energy in food to compounds that the cell can use to make energy?
mitochondria
the solution has a higher solute concentration than solute concentration inside the cell.- what is this
hypertonic solution
the concentration of solute molecules is the same inside and outside the cell.- what is this?
isotonic solution
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration- what is this?
osmosis
molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrabe, pass through special protein channels.- what is this?
facilitated diffusion
process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of high concentration of that substance to areas of lower concentration.
diffusion
the movement of the materials accross the cell membrane w/o using cellular energy.
passive transport
an organism must maintain a relatively constant internal physical and chemical condition.- what is this?
homeostasis
water channel proteins that allow water to flow through the membrane- what is this?
aquaporin
large liqiuds are taken into the cell
pinocytosis
large solids are taken into the cell
phagocytosis
the forcing out of substances from the cell membrane using vacuoles and vesicles
exocytosis
a vesicle forms that large molecules, clump of food or complete cells can be surrounded by and then forms a vacuole to pull the item into the cell. (bulk transport)- what is this?
endocytosis
the movement of molecules against a concentration differennce from an area of low cocentration to an area of higher concentration. REQUIRES ENERGY!!!!
active transport
the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell.
hypotonic solution
what happens to a red blood cell when placed in a hypertonic solution? *know the model HYPER DIE
the red blood cell shrivels bc of loss of osmotic pressure
what happens to a red blood cell when placed in a isotonic solution? *know the model
red blood cell stays the same bc osmotic pressure stays the same
what happens to a red blood when placed in hypotonic solution? *know the model HYPO BLOW
the red blood cell (RBC) will LYSE (explode) bc osmotic pressure increased
the compound used by cells to store and release energy in order for the cell to do mechanical functions.
ATP (Adenosine Triphophate)
what does ATP consist of? (3 thing)
- an adenine
- a 5 crabon sugar called ribose
- a 3 phosphate group
energy is released when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken thus creating what?
ADP
organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things
heterotrophs
organisms that are capable of making their own food.
autotrophs
autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce high-energy crabohydrates– suagars and startches– that can be used as food- what is this?
photosynthesis
light absorbing molecules
photosynthetic pigments
what are photosynthetic organelles called?
chloroplasts
chlorophyll pigments are in what membrane?
thylakoid membrane
what is a granum?
stack of thylakoids
chlorophyll absorbs light energy causing the electrons to become what?
energized
what is the photosynthesis balanced equation?
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
what is a light dependent reaction?
first set of reactions
where do light dependent reactions take place?
thylakoid membrane
where do organisms get the energy that they need?
from food.
the amount of energy needed to raise the tenpertaure of 1 gram of water to 1 degree celcius is known as what?
calorie
cells prefer to break bonds gradually and use what to produce other compounds like ATP
the stored energy
what is the cell respiration formula?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
what are the stages of cellular respiration in order? (3)
- glycolysis
- The Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
pathways that require oxygen (in air)
aerobic
glucose is transformed into pyruvic acid- what is this known as?
glycolysis
what gives a net gain pf 2 ATP per molecule of glucose?
ATP production
pyruvic acid is broken down into crabon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting steps. Oxygen has to be present.- what is this?
Krebs Cycle
what is the total ATP created per 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?
ATP= 38% total energy in glucose
what is the total ATP created per 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?- from glycolysis
2
what is the total ATP created per 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration? from krebs cycle
2
what is the total ATP created per 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration? from ETC
34 ATP
when a cell becomes larger, what is there a greater demand on?
DNA
what happens to the volume when a cell becomes larger?
it increases faster than the surface area
what happens if a cell becomes too large?
the cell membrane cannot get rid of wastes or bring in enough materials like food.
whta solves the problem of a cell becoming too big?
cell division because the cell divides into 2 daughter cells.
what does the cell do so that each cell has th exact same amount of original DNA?
it copies all DNA
in what reproduction is the offspring genetically identical to the single parent
Asexual
in what reproduction is there no exchange of DNA informtaion so no genetic diversity?
Asexual
in what reproduction does it provide genetic diversity of the continuation of a species?
sexual
how many phases are there in interphase and what are they follwed by?
it has 3 phases which are followed by cell divison.
what phase involves cell growth?
G 1 phase
what phase involves DNA replication?
S phase
what phase involves preparing for cell division (mitosis)
G 2 phase
in what phase do cells increase in size?
G 1 phase
in what phase is there intense growth and activity?
G 1 phase
when are centrioles duplicated?
in G 1 phase
in what phase is new DNA synthesized when the chromosomes replicate?
S phase
when do chromosomes become visible?
in M phase (cell divison)
what are the mitosis phases in order?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
what is the longest phase of mitosis?
prophase
when do the duplicated strands (sister chromatid) attach at the center (centromere)?
in prophase
in what mitosis phase do the centrioles begin moving to opposite poles and the spindle (microtubles) connect between them?
prophase
in what phase do the chromatid attach to the middle of the spindle at their centromeres?
metaphase
in what phase does the spindle tell- the sister chromatids seperate at the centromere?
anaphase
in cytokinesis does a cell plate form in between the rigid cell wall in plant or animal cells?
plant cells
