Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biopsych Exam 1 > Bio Exam > Flashcards

Bio Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is biopsych?

A

Study of how bio processes influence behvavior, emotion, thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is pychopharmocology?

A

How drugs affect behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

How behavior is affected by brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is psychophysiology?

A

-uses physiological methods to study psychological processes in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name 2 methods used in psychophysiology?

A
  • eeg

- studying eye movements in schizophrenics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 advantages of using humans in experiments

A
  • follow directions
  • report subjective experience
  • more relevant cuz using a human brain, so it relates directly to humans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 advantages of using non humans in experiments

A
  • simpler nervous systems
  • fewer ethical constraints
  • can manipulate brain activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two main methods of studying biopsychology experimentally?

A
  • measure brain activity

- manipulate brain activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Weight of a human brain

A

1.3 kg (1 pound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many neurons does a human brain contain?

A

86 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What percentage of the body’s energy does the brain consume?

A

20-25 %

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • CNS

- PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What two sections is the peripheral nervous system broken into?

A
  • somatic

- autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A
  • brain

- spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or false: the somatic and autonomic sections of the PNS both contain afferent and efferent neurons

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

outer surface of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What gives the cerebral cortex its huge surface area?

A

its many folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the subcortical areas?

A

the areas below the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name 5 subcortical areas

A
  • basal ganglia
  • hypothalamus
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
  • thalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are neurons?

A
  • specialized cells
  • that transmit info
  • through an electrochemical process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of dendrites

A
  • input

- receive info from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Function of axon

A
  • output

- carries info away from cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function of cell body

A

-stores DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Another name for cell body

A

soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

3 types of neuron shape

A
  • unipolar
  • multimodal
  • bipolar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a rare neuron shape?

A
  • unipolar

- only one process coming from cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3 types of neuron function

A
  • sensory (afferent)
  • motor (efferent)
  • interneurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a sensory neuron’s function?

A

carries signal from PNS to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is another name for a sensory neuron?

A

afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a motor neuron’s function?

A

carries signal from CNS to PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is another name for a motor neuron?

A

efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the funciton of interneurons?

A

-transmit signals between neurons within single brain structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Example of unipolar neuron

A

-brush neurons in auditory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Example of bipolar neuron

A

-neurons in the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Example of multipolar neurons

A

-most neurons in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

3 functions of glial cells

A
  • form myelin to coat axon
  • remove debris
  • exchange chemicals with neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

4 types of glial cells

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • schwann cells
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A
  • type of glial cell

- create myelin sheaths in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

true of false: glial cells transmit info

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

function of Schwann cells

A
  • type of glial cell

- create myelin sheaths in PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What happens to Schwann cells if they are damaged?

A
  • they can regenerate

- nerves can repair themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

True or false: astrocytes are a type of glial cells with many functions

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

function of astrocytes

A
  • type of glial cell

- transfer nutrients by acquiring them from blood vessels in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the largest type of lial cell?

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

function of microglia

A
  • type of glial cell
  • involved in response to injury/disease
  • clean up dead neurons after an injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is an axon hillock??

A

-junction of cell body and axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Where does action potential begin?

A

axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is myelin and what is its function?

A
  • insulation around axons

- prevents current loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which disorder causes myelin to degrade?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

gaps on an axon between myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the function of nodes of ranvier

A

propogate action potential

since there is no insulation, current goes through faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are terminal buttons?

A
  • endings of axon
  • release neurotransmitters
  • allow communication between neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the synapse

A
  • gap between two neurons

- where communication occurs between cells

54
Q

Function of a nucleus

A
  • inside cell body
  • contains DNA
  • controls activity of the cell
55
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A

provides energy

56
Q

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

-fat/protein synthesis

57
Q

Where is the endoplasmic reticulum located and what does it look like?

A
  • located in cell body

- folded membranes

58
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

-protein synthesis

59
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum

- in cell body

60
Q

What is the function of a golgi complex:

A

-packages molecules into vesicules

61
Q

The golgi complex is a system of ____________

A

membranes

62
Q

Function of microtubules

A

-transport molecues

63
Q

Where are synaptic vesicles located?

A

-near the synapse

64
Q

What is the function of synaptic vesicules?

A

package neurotransmitters before the chemical is released

65
Q

where is the presynaptic membrane located?

A

at the end of the axon

66
Q

what is the function of the presynaptic membrane?

A

establishes connection to the dendrite of another neuron

67
Q

What is the postsynaptic membrane?

A

membrane that recieves neurotransmitter from another cell

68
Q

How does the postsynaptic membrane receive neurotransmitters?

A
  • contains receptors that receive chemical messages

- chemicals binding the receptors create an electrical impulse

69
Q

What do we use to measure the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell when a cell is at rest?

A

potentiometer

70
Q

What is the resting membrane potetial in microvolts?

A
  • -70 mV
71
Q

why are ions capable of passing through the membrane?

A
  • the membrane is semipermeable

- sodium and potassium pumps

72
Q

2 processes affecting distribution of ions

A
  • diffusion

- electrostatic pressure

73
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • tendency for ions to move
  • from areas of high concentration
  • to areas of low concentration
74
Q

What is electrostatic pressure?

A
  • positive ions attracted to negative ions

- positive ions repel positive ions

75
Q

True or false: there is an uneven distribution of positive and negative ions

A

true

76
Q

describe the concentraion of na, k and cl ions

A
  • concentration of positive sodium ions is higher on the outside
  • concentration of positive potassium ions is higher on the inside
  • concnetration of negative chlorine ions is higher on the outside
77
Q

Why is the resting membrane potential negative?

A
  • there is high concentration of positive ions inside and outside
  • therefore A- ions are stuck inside
78
Q

What happens to Chlorine ions during action potential?

A
  • pushed into cell by diffusion

- pushed out of cell by electrostatic pressure

79
Q

What happens to potassium ions during action potential?

A
  • pushed into cell by electrostatic pressure

- pushed out of cell by diffusion

80
Q

what is resting membrane potential?

A
  • diff in electrical charge
  • between inside and outside of cell
  • when neuron is at rest
81
Q

What happens to sodium ions during action potential?

A

pushed into cell

by both electrostatic pressure and diffusion

82
Q

How is sodium kept out of cell

A
  • membrane is semipermeable

- the sodium potassium pump is designed to keep sodium out

83
Q

What feature accounts for the semi permeability of the membrane?

A
  • neuronal membrane
  • allows certain ions/other mols to pass through
  • doesn’t let sodium in freely
  • lets potassium ions in freely
84
Q

True or false: the sodium potassium pump requires energy for active processes

A

true

85
Q

What is the overall reason for resting potential being negative

A

different concentrations of ions inside and outside of the cell

86
Q

What is postsynaptic potential?

A

changes in voltage of membrane at postsynaptic membrane

87
Q

What causes a change in voltage in postsynaptic potential

A

Stimulus

88
Q

What is the effect of an excitatory stimulus on voltage

A

-cause voltage to increase

89
Q

How many potassium/sodium ions does pump bring out/in?

A
  • brings 3 sodium ions outside

- brings 2 potassium ions inside

90
Q

what is the effect of an inhibatory stimulus on voltage?

A

causes voltage to decrease

91
Q

3 properties of Post Synaptic Potential

A
  • rapid
  • graded (response proportional to strength of input)
  • decremental (decrease in ampl. as it travels down neuron)
92
Q

How does neuron decide whether an action potential is triggered?

A
  • synaptic integration
  • combines all post synaptic potentials
  • into one signal
93
Q

What is synaptic integration?

A
  • combining all post synaptic potentials into one signal

- to determine whether to fire action potential

94
Q

What are the two types of synaptic integration?

A
  • spatial summation

- temporal summation

95
Q

What is spatial summation?

A
  • sum of post synaptic potentials
  • being received from diff inputs
  • ONTO SAME AREA OF NEURON
96
Q

What is temporal summation

A
  • summation of post synaptic potentials

- that are spaced close in time

97
Q

True or false: in synaptic integration, if PSPs are closer together, the response will me larger

A

true

98
Q

What is action potential?

A
  • the rapid depolarization of a cell membrane

- from -70 to 50 mV

99
Q

2 basic properties of action potential

A

1) threshold of excitation

2) all or none phenomena

100
Q

Describe the all or none phenomena in action potential

A
  • action potential either occurs or it does not
  • depending on whether threshold is reached
  • same action potential no matter the strength
101
Q

What is the threshold of excitation

A
  • membrane potential that must be reached for action potential to occur
  • -55 mV
102
Q

What happens after threshold of excitation is reached?

A
  • sodium channels open

- sodium enters (diffusion and electrostatic pressure)

103
Q

What is depolarization caused by?

A

sodium ions rushing into the cell

104
Q

What is the voltage of the cell during depolarization?

A

40-50 mV

105
Q

Process of action potential

A

1) threshold reached
2) sodium rushes in
3) depolarization (50 mv)
4) sodium channels close
5) potassium channels open
6) potassium starts to leave cell
7) membrane repolarizes
8) potassium channels start to close
9) membrane hyperpolarizes as potassium channels close

106
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

when membrane is more negative than it started

107
Q

What is the order of polarization during action potential?

A
  • depolarization
  • repolarization
  • hyperpolarization
108
Q

What is TTX

A

powerful neurotoxin that blocks sodium channels

109
Q

What is TTX used for?

A

novacaine

prevents action potential

110
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A
  • point at which sodium channels close and lock

- unable to fire another action potential

111
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A
  • period of time when it is difficult for another action potential to occur
  • not impossible
112
Q

Where is action potential generated?

A

Axon hillock

113
Q

Is conduction of action potential in unmyelinated neurons decremental or non decremental?

A

non-decremental

114
Q

What is decremental

A

weakens as it goes down axon

115
Q

Why is conduction in unmyelinated neurons slower?

A

because neuron depolarizes at each part of membrane

116
Q

Why are nodes of ranvier important for propogating action potential?

A
  • conduction is faster

- because neuron only depolarizes at the unmyelinated sectons of the axon (nodes of ranvier)

117
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

neuron only depolarizes at nodes of ranvier

faster

118
Q

What is multiple sclerosis

A
  • demyelinating condition
  • in CNS
  • myelin deteriorates
  • impacts the way nerves fire
119
Q

What are the 3 types of synapse?

A
  • axodendritic (axon and dendrite)
  • axosomatic (axon and cell body)
  • axoaxonic (axon and axon)
120
Q

What ions are needed for vesicules to fuse into membrane? (exocytosis)

A

calcium

121
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

process of neurotransmitter release

122
Q

What are the two steps of exocytosis?

A

1) synaptic vesicules fuse with presynaptic membrane

2) neurotransmitter released from vesicules to synaptic cleft

123
Q

How is post synaptic potential created?

A
  • neurotransmitter binds to receptors on post synaptic membrane
  • alters activity of post synaptic neurons
124
Q

What is a receptor?

A
  • protein
  • contains bidning sites
  • only for specific neurotransmitter
125
Q

What is a ligand

A

any molecule that bonds to another molecule

126
Q

Advantage to having subtypes of receptors

A
  • A single transmitter can have a variety of effects

- creates flexibility

127
Q

What are the two main categories of receptor?

A
  • ionotropic

- metabotropic

128
Q

Describe the ionotropic category of receptor

A
  • fast acting
  • direct
  • changes flow of ions in/out of cell
  • ligand gated ion channels
129
Q

Describe the metabotropic category of receptor

A
  • slow
  • indirect
  • G protein linked
  • when NT binds, G protein breaks away and activates other events
130
Q

What are the 2 processes of terminating activity of neurotransmitter?

A

1) reuptake

2) degradation

Biopsych Exam 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions