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Biopsych Exam 1 > Bio (drugs) > Flashcards

Bio (drugs) Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurotransmitters made of?

A

enzymes acting on precursor molecules

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2
Q

during the step of packaging, where are NTs stored?

A

vesicules

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3
Q

If NTs leak while they are stored, what happens?

A

enzymes break them down

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4
Q

what causes vesicules to fuse with presynaptic membrane?

A

action potential

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5
Q

What ion causes the release of the neurotransmitter?

A

calcium ions

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6
Q

6 steps of neurotransmitter release

A

1) Synthesis
2) Packaging
3) Fusing to the membrane
4) Release
5) Stopping release
6) Deactivation

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7
Q

Criteria to be a neurotransmitter

A
  • found/produced in terminals
  • released upon stimulation of presynaptic neuron
  • acts on a post synaptic receptor
  • produces biological effect
  • can be inactivated
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8
Q

Name the 4 types of small molecule neurotransmitter

A
  • amino acids
  • monoamines
  • acetylcholine
  • unconventional neurotransmitters
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9
Q

Name the 4 types of amino acids

A
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
  • Asparate
  • Glycine
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10
Q

4 properties of amino acids

A
  • fast acting
  • direct
  • bind through ion channels
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11
Q

Function of glutamate

A

allows sodium in the cell

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12
Q

Is glutamate inhibitory or excitatory?

A

excitatory

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13
Q

Is GABA inhibitory or excitatory?

A

inhibitory

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14
Q

What ions does GABA control and why?

A
  • negative chloride ions

- because it is inhibitory

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15
Q

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

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16
Q

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

glutamate

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17
Q

Which type of amino acid causes hyperpolarization?

A

GABA

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18
Q

What are monoamines synthesised from?

A 
a single (mono)
amino acid (amine)
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19
Q

Why are monoamines slower and indirect?

A

bind to metabotropic receptors

therefore have diffuse effects

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20
Q

What are the two types of monoamines?

A
  • catecholamines

- indolamines

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21
Q

What are catecholamines synthesized from?

A

tyrosine

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22
Q

What allows dopamine to have diverse effects on behavior?

A
  • it is a monoamine
  • therefore it binds to a metabotropic receptor
  • therefore it has indirect effects
23
Q

Cause of Parkinsons Disease

A

loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra area

24
Q

Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • L-DOPA

- precursor for dopamine

25
Q

Cause of Schizophrenia

A

-excess of dopamine

26
Q

3 types of catecholamines

A
  • epinephrine
  • dopamine
  • norepinphrine
27
Q

which subcategory and overall category does serotonin belong to?

A
  • indolamines

- in the monoamine category

28
Q

What is serotonin synthesized from?

A

tryptophan

29
Q

Why does serotonin have diverse effects on behavior?

A

-binds to metabotropic receptors

30
Q

What does an insufficiency of serotonin cause?

A

depression

31
Q

How does fluoxetine (prosac) work?

A

-blocks reuptake of serotonin

32
Q

What was the first neurotransmitter to be discovered?

A

-acetylcholine

33
Q

What is acetylcholine’s role in the PNS?

A

neuromuscular junction

34
Q

What is acetylcholine’s role in the CNS?

A
  • learning
  • memory
  • attention
35
Q

What enzyme deactivates acetylcholine?

A

aChE (acetylcholinesterase)

36
Q

How is Alzheimer’s treated?

A
  • drugs inhibiting acetylcholinesterase

- therefore less acetylcholine is deactivated

37
Q

Where are unconventional neurotransmitters made?

A

cytoplasm

38
Q

What do unconventional neurotransmitters do instead of binding onto receptors like conventional neurotransmitters?

A

diffuse out of membrane and into surrounding cells

39
Q

True or false: unconventional neurotransmitters bind to receptors

A
  • false

- they diffuse into cells

40
Q

Name the 2 unconventional neurotransmitters in the category of ‘soluble gases”

A
  • nitric oxide

- carbon monoxide

41
Q

What is nitric oxide known as and why

A
  • retrograde messenger
  • diffuses from POSTsynaptic membrane
  • into PREsynaptic membrane
  • causes presynaptic cell to alter release of glutamate
42
Q

What is analgesiea?

A

suppression of pain

43
Q

What is the large molecule neurotransmitter?

A

neuropeptides

44
Q

What are neuropeptides made up of?

A

large chains of amino acids

45
Q

What are opioid peptides used for?

A

-suppression of pain

46
Q

What are endorphines an example of?

A

-opioid peptides

47
Q

What is an agonist?

A

drug that binds to receptor and increases activity of that receptor

48
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

drug that binds to receptor and decreases the activity of that receptor

49
Q

give two examples of benzodiazepines and what they’re used for

A
  • prozac
  • valium
  • used to treat anxiety
50
Q

Benzodiazepines are agonists of which amino acid?

A

GABA

51
Q

What is atropine used for?

A

-used to treat slow heart rate

52
Q

is atropine an agonist or an antagonist?

A

antagonist of ACh

53
Q

Is cocaine a stimulant or depressant?

A

stimulant

Biopsych Exam 1 (2 decks)

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