BIO-Exam 4: Hormones and Growth Factors: Insulin and Glucagon Flashcards
Paracrine
A form of cell signaling where a cell releases signals that affect nearby target cells.
Signal Transduction
A process inside the cell where a signal is converted into a functional response through a series of molecular events.
Negative Feedback
A regulatory mechanism where the output of a process inhibits its own production to maintain balance.
“A” Cell
The smallest unit of life; performs all essential functions needed for survival and communication in the body.
Autocrine
A signaling mechanism where a cell targets itself by releasing molecules that bind to its own receptors.
Insulin
Produced by beta cells in the pancreas; lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake into cells.
Adipocyte
A fat cell that stores energy in the form of lipids and also releases hormones like leptin.
“B” Cell
A type of white blood cell found in the immune system; produces antibodies to fight pathogens.
Endocrine
A signaling method where hormones are secreted into the bloodstream to affect distant target organs.
Glucagon
A hormone produced by alpha cells in the pancreas; raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver.
Prohormone
An inactive precursor of a hormone that must be modified (e.g., cleaved) to become active.
Growth Factor
A signaling molecule that stimulates cell growth, division, and survival, usually acting via paracrine or autocrine pathways.
Hepatocyte
A liver cell that performs functions like detoxification, metabolism, and bile production.
Islet of Langerhans
Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that produce hormones like insulin (β cells) and glucagon (α cells).
