BIO-2: EXAM 1 Cell Structure and Lipids Flashcards
Cells are surrounded by…
Plasma Membrane
Euceryotes (genes) all have _____ in them…
Nucleus
________ and _______ deal with energy transfer…
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Ribosomes are a structure that…
Assemble Protiens
A net-like structure that works with ribosomes…
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)
Aids in synthesizing lipids…
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)
Cuts and Breakdown…
Lysosome
Structure of the cell…
Cytoskeleton
Everything in the cell surrounding the nucleus…
Cytoplasm
Soluble stuff within a cell…
Cytosol
Four Classes of Macromolecules…
Lipids
Carbs
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
From the class of macromolecules, most of them are…
Polymers (small molecules or atoms that bond together to form larger molecules called polymers)
These will rely on functional groups
Four types of functional groups…
Hydroxyl Group: R-OH
Amine: R-NH2
Carboxylic Acid: R-COOH
Phosphate: R-P
How connecting Macro-molecules works…
Condensation (dehydration) reactions (water expelled)
Put small molecules together (building blocks) as water is removed.
Water is consumed (hydrolysis)
Defining Lipids…
loose definition
“fats” and “oils”
Hydrophobic (no polar bonds/ no charges)
Defining Fatty acids…
Have long “fatty” hydrophobic area
Contains carboxylic acid group
Can have any chain length (C12, C14, C16, etc…)
Saturation vs. Unsaturation vs. Polyunsaturated…
Saturation: How much hydrogen you have
Unsaturation: Can have more hydrogen bonds (one double bond)
Poly-saturated: Multiple double bonds
*When they change shape, they change functions
More unsaturations make the molecules less…
Solid: More liquid-like
EX:
18 Carbon Saturated: 70-degree C melting point
18C One-unsaturated: 16-degree C (liquid at room temp)
18C Two-unsaturated: 5-degree C (liquid)
18C Three Unsaturated: -11 C
Shorter fatty acids make the molecule less…
Solid as well, more liquid-like
18C: 70 degree C
16C: 63 degree C
12C: 44 degree C
Four classes of Triglycerides:
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Defining Triglycerides…
Most common lipid
also called “triacylglycerides”
Made from three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone
Triglycerides connect through…
Functional groups; condensation reactions
Any fatty acid, Satur, Un-satur, Poly Unsatur, long or short.
Defining Phospholipids…
A key component of all biological membranes
built from 2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate + hydrophilic head group
Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
If a phospholipid has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic qualities, it is defined as…
Amphipathic
