Bio Exam #4 Flashcards
To make ATP in chloroplasts, ATP synthase directly uses
The proton-motive force
The extracellular layer in animals is…
a protective layer; solid
Signaling hormone that is carried throughout the organism to distant cells
endocrine
DEFINE: Cadherin
Specific adhesion proteins found in desmosomes
What is oxidized in lactic acid fermentation?
NADH to NAD+
What does RUBISCO do?
Catalyzes the incorporation of CO2 in the light-independent reactions
Where is the calvin cycle located?
Stroma
What establishes the resting membrane potential in neurons?
Potassium leak channels
Plasmodesmata can connect
Adjacent plant cells
Why is action potential “all-or-none”?
The potentials are all the same magnitude, but will not occur unless the threshold potential is reached
What do the dendrites of a postsynaptic cell convert?
Chemical signal into electrical signal
____ bind to integrins and connect them with the extracellular matrix to resist tension
Laminins
A neuronal cell at rest as a _____ membrane potential
Negative
What is the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
Oxygen
What is the final electron acceptor in the chloroplast electron transport chain?
NADP+
What do cascades do?
Amplify
Hydrophobic = what type of receptors?
lipid-soluable
What receptor is lipid-soluable?
Cytosolic
Neurotransmitters stimulate a post-synaptic cell by…
binding to ligand-gated channels
Which layer outside the plant cell membrane was made first?
Middle Lamella
How to figure out what was made first in a plant cell membrane?
Whatever is furthest from the cell wall
Each TURN of the citric acid cycle produces…
3 NADH
Receptor tyrosine kinases do NOT…
Produce cAMP to activate other proteins
What goes into one molecule of glucose?
6 CO2 + 4 ATP + 10 NADH + 2 FADH2
How do carbon atoms enter the citric acid cycle?
acetyl-coA
The light-capturing reactions of photosynthesis oxidize ____
Water
Fatty acids are broken down into ___ by the process of ___
acetyl-CoA & Beta-oxidation
Most of the ATP that is produced in mitochondria is made directly by?
Oxidative phosphorylation
What is true of an ion-channel-coupled receptor?
Ligand can change the shape of receptor
What is collagen?
3 polypeptide chains wrapping around eachother
The reduction phase of light-dependent reactions uses ___
NADPH
What do cellulose microfibrils resist?
Tension as part of the cell wall of plant cells
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids produces:
FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA
What happens with the CO2 in the Calvin cycle?
CO2 from atmosphere is incorporated into organic molecules
During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis:
Protons flow through the ATP synthase into the stroma
Cellular Respiration Formula:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + NAD+ –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + NADH + ATP
