bio exam 3

Question 1

osmoconformer

Answer 1

An animal that maintains the same osmolarity as its surroundings.

Question 1

aldosterone

Answer 1

Causes an increase in the reabsorption of water and sodium ions.

Question 2

osmolarity

Answer 2

Total solute concentration expressed as moles per liter.

Question 2

angiotensin II

Answer 2

Causes arterioles to constrict to increase blood pressure as well as trigger the release of aldosterone from adrenal glands.

Question 3

osmoregulator

Answer 3

An animal that actively maintains different concentrations of solutes than those in its external environment.

Question 3

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 3

A hormone that causes an increased permeability to water in the collecting ducts of nephrons.

Question 4

transport epithelium

Answer 4

In the ascending loop; contains channels for proteins but not water.

Question 4

aquaporin

Answer 4

Channel in the cell membrane that allows water to pass in and out of a cell; in plants, aquaporins facilitate the transcellular symplastic pathway for water transport.

Question 5

ammonia

Answer 5

Simplest and most toxic form of nitrogenous waste.

Question 5

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer 5

Hormone opposing RAAS.

Question 6

excretion

Answer 6

Process of expelling nitrogenous waste matter.

Question 6

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

Answer 6

Responds to changes in blood pressure and volume, releasing the enzyme renin.

Question 7

filtrate

Answer 7

Water and small solute molecules that are able to pass through the membrane.

Question 7

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Answer 7

Combined effects of renin, angiotensin II, and juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Question 8

filtration

Answer 8

Extraction of water and certain solutes from body fluids.

Question 8

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 8

Minimum metabolic rate required for the organism to survive and function.

Question 9

kidney

Answer 9

Primary excretory organ in mammals.

Question 9

bioenergetics

Answer 9

Study of energy changes that occur in a living organism.

Question 10

nitrogenous waste

Answer 10

Waste that results from the digestion of proteins or nucleic acids; usually excreted from organisms through pores or the anus; nitrogen compounds that can be toxic when in high concentration in relation to the environment.

Question 10

energy budget

Answer 10

Energy reserves an organism has for all possible activities.

Question 11

reabsorption

Answer 11

Re-uptake of solutes.

Question 11

hibernation

Answer 11

Metabolic shutdown as an adaptation to cold environmental conditions and lack of food.

Question 12

renal artery

Answer 12

Brings blood to the kidney.

Question 12

metabolic rate

Answer 12

Rate at which anabolic and catabolic reactions occur.

Question 13

renal cortex

Answer 13

Outer layer of the kidney.

Question 13

standard metabolic rate (SMR)

Answer 13

Minimum metabolic rate required for the organism to survive and function at a given temperature.

Question 14

renal medulla

Answer 14

Inner portion of the kidney.

Question 14

thermoregulation

Answer 14

Establishment and maintainance of an optimal temperature for the survival of an animal in a specific environment.

Question 15

renal pelvis

Answer 15

Takes urine from the tubules and empties it out of the kidney.

Question 15

torpor

Answer 15

Condition of rest ranging between deep sleep and hibernation.

Question 16

renal vein

Answer 16

Blood leaves the kidney.

Question 17

secretion

Answer 17

Extraction of foreign molecules, toxins, and excess ions from body fluids.

Question 18

urea

Answer 18

Less toxic than ammonia, but takes energy to produce.

Question 19

ureter

Answer 19

Tube connecting each kidney to the urinary bladder.

Question 20

uric acid

Answer 20

Less toxic than ammonia, but takes energy to produce.

Question 21

urinary bladder

Answer 21

Stores urine until excretion.

Question 22

urine

Answer 22

Liquid mixture of nitrogenous wastes.

Question 23

afferent arteriole

Answer 23

Allows blood to enter the nephron.

Question 24

aquaporin

Answer 24

Channel in the cell membrane that allows water to pass in and out of a cell; in plants, aquaporins facilitate the transcellular symplastic pathway for water transport.

Question 25

Bowman's capsule

Answer 25

Beginning of nephron tubule associated with the glomerulus.

Question 26

collecting duct

Answer 26

Accepts filtrate leaving the nephron.

Question 27

cortical nephron

Answer 27

A nephron type accounting for about 80% of all nephrons; found mainly in the renal cortex, partly extending into the renal medulla.

Question 28

distal tubule

Answer 28

Contributes to pH balance through reabsorption and secretion.

Question 29

efferent arteriole

Answer 29

Destination for about 80% of the filtrate from the glomerulus.

Question 30

glomerulus

Answer 30

Ball of convuluted capillaries.

Question 31

filtrate

Answer 31

Water and small solute molecules that are able to pass through the membrane.

Question 32

Juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 32

Begin in the cortex, but extend deep into the medullary cortex.

Question 33

Loop of Henle

Answer 33

Balances solutes and water in blood.

Question 34

peritubular capillary

Answer 34

A small blood vessel that, together with others of its kind, forms a network of blood vessels in the nephron that run parallel and intertwined with the proximal tubule.

Question 35

vasa recta

Answer 35

Looped portion of the peritubular capillaries.