Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology of Cancer > BIO exam 3 > Flashcards

BIO exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Innate Immunity

A

The body’s immediate defense mechanism against pathogens. It includes physical barriers like skin, mucous membranes, and cellular components such as macrophages and neutrophils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

A specific defense mechanism involving T and B lymphocytes that develop memory against specific pathogens, providing long-term protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Inflammation

A

The body’s response to injury or infection characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. It aims to eliminate the cause and initiate tissue repair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lysozyme

A

An enzyme found in tears, saliva, and other bodily fluids that breaks down bacterial cell walls, providing protection against infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Defensins

A

Small proteins produced by various cells, including epithelial cells and phagocytes, involved in killing pathogens like bacteria, fungi, and viruses by disrupting their cell membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Interferon (alpha, beta, gamma)

A

Signaling proteins released by infected cells to inhibit viral replication and enhance the immune response against viruses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Complement

A

A group of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, involving various pathways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Opsonins & Opsonization

A

Substances (like antibodies or complement proteins) that mark pathogens for phagocytosis, facilitating their engulfment by immune cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Zymogen

A

An inactive precursor of an enzyme that requires a biochemical change to become active, often involved in digestive processes or blood clotting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alternative, Classical, and Lectin (Complement pathways)

A

Different activation routes of the complement system that lead to the formation of the membrane attack complex, enhancing immune responses against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

C3 (and C3B)

A

C3 is a central component of the complement system. When cleaved into C3a and C3b, C3b participates in opsonization and leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Complement “Factors”

A

Various proteins (such as Factor D, Factor H, etc.) involved in the complement cascade, playing roles in activation, regulation, and amplification of the immune response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Membrane Attack Complex

A

A group of complement proteins that form pores in the membranes of target cells, leading to cell lysis and destruction, often employed against pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chemotaxis

A

The process where immune cells are attracted to the site of infection or tissue damage through chemical signals, guiding their movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anaphylatoxins

A

Small complement proteins (like C3a, C4a, and C5a) that induce inflammatory responses, including mast cell degranulation and histamine release.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Serum

A

The liquid portion of blood without clotting factors or blood cells, containing antibodies, complement proteins, and other molecules essential for immune function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Buffy coat

A

A thin layer of white blood cells and platelets that separates from the rest of the blood when centrifuged, containing various immune cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells crucial for immune function, including granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A type of white blood cell critical for adaptive immunity, including B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell

A

A precursor cell found in the bone marrow capable of giving rise to all types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Myeloid

A

The lineage of blood cells that includes red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and dendritic cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Granulocytes

A

White blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, involved in various immune responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neutrophils (PMNs)

A

The most abundant type of white blood cell involved in phagocytosis of pathogens, particularly bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Eosinophils

A

White blood cells containing granules that are important in combating multicellular parasites and modulating allergic reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Basophils

A

White blood cells containing granules that release histamine, involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.

25
Q

Monocytes

A

A type of white blood cell that circulates in the bloodstream and can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells.

26
Q

Macrophages

A

Large immune cells that engulf and digest cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, and cancer cells.

27
Q

T cells

A

White blood cells that mature in the thymus and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity, including helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells.

28
Q

B cells

A

White blood cells that mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies, playing a crucial role in the humoral immune response.

29
Q

NK cells

A

Natural Killer cells, a type of lymphocyte that plays a critical role in the innate immune response by killing infected or abnormal cells.

30
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Antigen-presenting cells that process and present antigens to T cells, initiating the adaptive immune response.

31
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process by which cells engulf and digest foreign particles, pathogens, and cell debris.

32
Q

Respiratory burst

A

A rapid release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, during phagocytosis to destroy ingested pathogens.

33
Q

CD4 (Helper)

A

A glycoprotein found on the surface of helper T cells that interacts with MHC class II molecules, aiding in the activation of immune responses.

34
Q

CD8 (Cytotoxic)

A

A glycoprotein found on the surface of cytotoxic T cells that interacts with MHC class I molecules, facilitating the killing of infected or abnormal cells.

35
Q

Clonal selection theory

A

A theory explaining the adaptive immune system’s response to antigens, suggesting that specific lymphocytes are activated upon encountering a matching antigen.

36
Q

Positive & Negative selection

A

Processes in the thymus ensuring T cells recognize self-antigens without causing autoimmune reactions (positive) and eliminating those that strongly react against self-antigens (negative).

37
Q

Self-tolerance

A

The immune system’s ability to recognize and tolerate the body’s own cells and molecules to prevent autoimmune reactions.

38
Q

Cytokines

A

Signaling molecules produced by various immune cells to regulate immunity, inflammation, and communication among cells in the immune system.

39
Q

Interleukins

A

A group of cytokines primarily produced by leukocytes that regulate immune and inflammatory responses.

40
Q

Chemokines

A

A subset of cytokines that specifically regulate the migration and activation of immune cells, involved in directing immune responses to sites of infection or injury.

41
Q

T cell receptor

A

Proteins on the surface of T cells that recognize specific antigens presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells.

42
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex - MHC

A

A set of genes encoding cell surface proteins essential for the immune system’s recognition of foreign molecules.

43
Q

Human Leukocyte Antigen - HLA

A

A group of genes encoding for MHC molecules in humans, crucial for immune system function and responsible for tissue compatibility in transplantation.

44
Q

Co-stimulation

A

The secondary signal required by T cells, in addition to the recognition of antigen, to become fully activated and initiate an immune response.

45
Q

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

A

Proteins produced by B cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction or neutralization.

46
Q

IgA, IgE, IgD, IgG, IgM

A

Different classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins) with distinct roles in the immune system, such as IgA in mucosal immunity, IgE in allergic responses, etc.

47
Q

Fab and Fc

A

Regions of an antibody structure; Fab binds to antigens while Fc mediates various effector functions like complement activation or binding to immune cells.

48
Q

Ig domain

A

A conserved structural domain present in various proteins, including antibody molecules, involved in protein-protein interactions.

49
Q

Fc receptor

A

Cell surface proteins that bind to the Fc region of antibodies, mediating various immune responses based on the antibody class.

50
Q

Antigen

A

A molecule that elicits an immune response, recognized by specific antibodies or T cell receptors.

51
Q

Epitope

A

The specific portion of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody or T cell receptor.

52
Q

Antigen presentation (Antigen presentation cell)

A

The process by which antigens are displayed on the surface of cells, facilitating their recognition by T cells.

53
Q

Plasma cell

A

A differentiated B cell that produces and secretes large amounts of antibodies.

54
Q

Thymus

A

A primary lymphoid organ where T cells mature and differentiate.

55
Q

Spleen

A

A secondary lymphoid organ that filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and helps mount immune responses.

56
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

Lymphoid tissue found in mucosal membranes, such as in the digestive and respiratory tracts, involved in immune responses at mucosal surfaces.

57
Q

Vaccine

A

A preparation that stimulates the immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, typically by introducing antigens from the pathogen.

58
Q

Attenuated vaccine

A

A vaccine containing weakened forms of pathogens that can stimulate an immune response without causing the disease.

59
Q

Adjuvant

A

A substance added to vaccines to enhance the immune response and improve their effectiveness.

Biology of Cancer (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions