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Biology of Cancer > Bio 256 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Bio 256 Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epiidemiology

A

Study of frequency of distribution of disease in human populations

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2
Q

Random Fluctuation and what is its connection to p values and the chi square test

A

need to have a large sample size to rule this out

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3
Q

p values and chi square test

A

the difference between what was observed and what expected was actually due to a real difference not random

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4
Q

Confounding variables

A

a factor that affects the rink of developing cancer and is linked in some way to the factor being investigated
ie. age or smoking

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5
Q

Detection bias

A

failure to use consistent and equivalent procedures to measure incidence rates

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6
Q

Publication bias

A

journals don’t punich the absence of relationships or lack of cause-effect. So we don’t see that data

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7
Q

Experimenter bias

A

the scientist isn’t remaining objective
ie. viewing data thru rose tinted glasses

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8
Q

Selection bias

A

nonrandom volunteers

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9
Q

Retrospective Studies
what is it and whats its other name

A

Assess past exposure of people already with cancer
aka: “case-control studies”

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10
Q

Prospective Studies
and its other name

A

Follow people into the future to see who develops cancer
aka: cohort studies
a “disease free cohort” following them to see what reasons they might develop cancer
- need a large sample size
- some people will refuse to participate after a while

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11
Q

recall bias
and what studies are susceptible to this

A

people may not remember what happened to them
retrospective studies are susceptible to this bias

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12
Q

post hoc fallacy

A

conflating correlation with causation

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13
Q

How to demonstrate cause and effect

A

Show statistical significance
Demonstrate dose-response relationship
Demonstrate magnitude (it has to at least double the rate of cancer)

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14
Q

Randomized trials
why is it a problem on humans. who is it used on?

A

not ethical in humans it will kill them
is for animals because rats cant feel lol

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15
Q

Ames test

A

effective way of finding cause and effect
rapid screening test of possible chemical carcinogens

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16
Q

Main risk for human cancer

A

Age
Environmental and lifestyle (diet smoking eating)
alcohol
food choices
pesticides in our daily foods
synthetic and natural alike
red meats saturated fats
radiation exposure

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17
Q

oncogenic virus

A

viruses that cause cancer
rouse sacarcoma, hpv, epstein barr, hepatitis b and c

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18
Q

3 principles of chemical carciongens

A

-exposure — delay —– cancer
-dose dependence
-chemical carcinogens have organ specificity

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19
Q

workplace carcinogen

A

cancer causes agents the work place
asbestos is the big one
asbestos penetrates the lung and lodges in the mesothelial cells

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20
Q

modelsof dose cancer relationship

A

linear: increase dose - increase rate
threshold: no risk low, linear after threshold met
hormetic: u-shaped, low doeses decrease rate while high doses increase

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21
Q

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

A

Mechanism of Chemical Carcinogenesis
fused benzene rings
coal tars, soots, oils when not completely burned

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22
Q
A

Mechanism of Chemical Carcinogenesis

23
Q

Aromatic amines

A

Mechanism of Chemical Carcinogenesis

24
Q

n-nitroso

A

Mechanism of Chemical Carcinogenesis
nitrites nitrates
may be converted into carcinogens in stomach
in fruits, an pacakged meat

25
Q

akylating agents

A

Mechanism of Chemical Carcinogenesis
add akyl groups to a chemcial
in plastics, making antifreeze

26
Q

Some carcinogens must be activated by the liver

A

precarcinogens

27
Q

Some carcinogens interact directly with DNA

A

converted in liver to electrophilic molecules
so binds DNA and breaks gydogen bonds
“free radicals”

28
Q

Three stages of chemical carcinogenesis
(so cancer you get from chemicals)

A
  • initiation
    carcinogen is activated
    dna damage occurs
    precancerous cells made
  • promotion
    selection for cells that divide autonomously
    promotors: alchol, asbestos
  • progression
    selection for rapid growth
29
Q

Epigenetics

A

cancer cells turn on/off expression of unmutated genes, and change cell behavior

SO there isn’t a mutation of the genes but it is still being expressed wrong or different

30
Q

Incomplete carcinogen

A

chemical is either an initiator or a promotor

31
Q

complete carcinogen

A

chemical acts as both initiator and promotor

32
Q

potency

A

size of dose necessary to cause cancer
reasons:
some are more electrophilic and induse more mutations

33
Q

Why doesn’t everyone who is exposed to carcinogens develop cancer?

A

The type of carcinogen:
High potency or low
how long exposed
luck

34
Q

Types of radiation

A

Sunlight (UVA and UVB)
Ionizing Radiation such as
X rays, nuclear (radon, polonium, radium)
(short wavelengths are more dangerous)

35
Q

What percent of newcancers are caused to sunlight exposure

A

1/2

36
Q

Sunlight is composed of

A

electromagnetic radiaton
-infrared - visible - utraviolet (UV)

37
Q

UVA

A

longest wave, lowest energy
causes skin ages

38
Q

UVB

A

higher energy (most dangerous)
causes sunburn, tanning and cancer
partially absorbed by ozone

39
Q

UVC

A

highest energy
absorbed by the ozone
artificial sources cause cancer such as germicidal lamps

40
Q

p53 and DNA damage

A

When mutated p54 doesn’t stop the cell cycle and cells continue to proliferate (how quickly a cancer cells copies its dna and divides)

41
Q

BERT:

A

Background equivalent radiation time
how long long it takes a person to get an equivalent amount of radiation from natural sources
a mammogram is wort 3 months of background radiation
smoking per year is worth 10 years of background radiation

41
Q

Nuclear Explosions and massive doeses of ionizing radiation

A

bombs in japan

42
Q

Ionizing radiation and free radicals

A

DNA damage
free radicals form (ions that have extra elections which can destry DNA)
remove base
or break dna

43
Q

Pathogen:

A

disease producing agent

44
Q

4 criteria for proving a pathogen
kochs potsulates

A

present in deseased tissue
isolated in grown from diseased tissue
grown pathogen can then cause diesease in new tissue
newly isolated pathogen must be identical to original

45
Q

first oncogenic viruses found

A

epstein barr (EBV)

45
Q

oncogenic virus

A

often are latent

46
Q

HTVL-1 and HIV

A

HTVL-1 direct cancer rink (virus directly mutates DNA)
HIV: indirect cancer risk thru weakening immune system

47
Q

3 types of viruses

A

DNA
RNA
Retroviruses
All trigger cancer thru
A: indirect (things like weakening immune system)
B: direct (damage DNA)

48
Q

Episome

A

Viral DNA that are seperate from the host DNA (independently replicated)

48
Q

Latent virus

A

viruses are in the cells but not acting yet not triggering immune ststem

49
Q

Retroviruses (the unique one)

A

RNA as genetic material
reverese transcribed
integrase (helps insert RNA)

once inside it is a Provirus

it is unique because it is direct it can alter DNA directly

50
Q

V-src

A

is an oncogene
viral copy of onc protein

51
Q
A

Biology of Cancer (6 decks)

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