Bio exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a nucluiod?
A
DNA floating in the middle pf a cell
2
Q
What type of cell contains membrane bound organelles?
A
Eukaryotic cells
3
Q
where is the Endomembrane system?
A
inside of a cell membrane
4
Q
Does smooth ER have ribosomes?
A
no
5
Q
Does rough ER have ribosomes?
A
yes
6
Q
Parts in an endomembrane system
A
Nucleus, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus
7
Q
Are vacuoles mobile?
A
They can be but they also can be stationary
8
Q
Are vacuoles large or small?
A
large
9
Q
What is an immobile vacuole’s job?
A
Store water and then squeeze the water into the cytosol
10
Q
What do lysosomes do?
A
break down unneeded parts of the cell
11
Q
Which membrane in a mitochondrion is folded up?
A
Inner membrane
12
Q
Which membrane in a mitochondrion has more surface area?
A
Inner membrane
13
Q
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
A
To make ATP
14
Q
What does the mitochondrion matrix store?
A
Its DNA
15
Q
what is the function of a chloroplast?
A
to make sugar
16
Q
What is the plants process of making sugar called?
A
photosynthesis
17
Q
what do you have to have in the same cell to make it an autotroph?
A
Mitochondria and chloroplast
18
Q
what is an autotroph?
A
can make its own food
19
Q
What do microfilaments do?
A
push plasma membrane out and back in again to move, while maintaining cell shape
20
Q
What is the difference between cilia and flagella?
A
cilia are short, flagella are long
21
Q
what do intermediate filaments do?
A
anchor the nucleus
22
Q
what do microtubles do?
A
form spindle, maintain cell shape
23
Q
what is the function of cilia and flagella?
A
to help movement
24
Q
what does ER stand for?
A
endoplasmic reticulum
25
What type of cells are mitochondrion in?
Eukaryotic cells
26
what is the green pigment in chloroplasts?
chlorophyll
27
microfilaments have what subunit?
actin
28
intermediate filaments have what proteins?
keratin
29
microtubules have what kind of dimer?
tubulin
30
What kingdom has peptidoglycan
bacteria
31
what kingdom has cellulose?
plants
32
what kingdom has chitin?
fungi
33
plant tissues are made out of what?
plasmodesma(ta)
34
what are plasmodesma?
tunnels built in-between cell walls that things can pass through like biomolecules
35
where is the extracellular matrix?
outside of the cell
36
what is the extracellular matrix made out of?
proteins mainly collagen
37
what to tight junctions do?
create a seal to prevent anything from leaking between 2 animal cells that are a part of the same tissue
38
what are the 4 things all cells have in common?
plasma membrane, ribosomes, DNA, cytosol
39
what biomolecule are plasma membranes made out of?
phospholipid
40
what does amphipathic mean?
both states
41
the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid is what?
phosphate group, negative charge, attracts water
42
Hydrophobic tails are what?
fatty acids, uncharged so they don't attract water
43
plasma mebrane is a phospholipid what?
bilayer
44
all heads of a phospholipid have what charge?
negative
45
what direction do the heads on a phospholipid face?
outwards
46
What are gap junctions?
protein tunnels between cells so things can pass back and forth
47
what is the function of the cytoskeleton?
to maintain shape
48
how is plasma membrane fluidity regulated?
phospholipid structure, cholesteral (spacer)
49
what helps facilitated diffusion?
protein channels or carriers
50
what are the stacks of plasma membrane in a chloroplasts called?
thylakoids
51
an ampipathic molecule is what?
both uncharged and charged meaning they are hydrophillic and hydrophobic
52
what type of transport doesn't need energy?
passive
53
what type of transport needs energy?
active
54
what is osmosis?
diffusion of water
55
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
56
isotonic solution
both sides have equal concentration
57
hypotonic solution
outside of the cell has a lower concentration than the inside of the cell
58
hypertonic solution
inside of the cell has a higher concentration than the inside of the cell
59
what type of energy is stored in a molecules bonds?
chemical energy
60
what is cellular metabolism?
ALL chemical reactions taking place in a cell
61
endergonic reaction
energy must be put in (chemical energy)
62
exergonic reaction
energy release
63
what controls where and when chemical reactions happen?
enzymes
64
enzymes end in what
"ase"
65
enzymes are what type of biomolecule?
proteins
66
inhibitors do what?
slow down enzymes
67
is the plasma membrane fluid?
yes, always
68
what type of transport does the net movement go against the concentration gradient?
active
69
endocytosis and exocytosis refer to what?
bulk transport
70
what is endocytosis?
bulk transport into the cell
71
what is exocytosis?
bulk transport out of the cell
72
removing phosphate groups from ATP does what?
releases chemical energy
73
what is ATP hydrolysis?
breaking the covalent bond to make chemical energy and putting water in, (using ATP)
74
is cellular respiration exergonic or endergonic?
highly exergonic
75
where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol
76
what are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, H+, H2O
77
where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
mitochondrial matrix
78
pyruvate is modified to become what?
acetyl coenzyme A
79
What are the products of pyruvate oxidation per glucose?
PER GLUCOSE: 2 acetyl coenzyme A, 2 NADH, H+, CO2
80
in what part of cellular respiration is pyruvate changed into acetyl coenzyme A?
pyruvate oxidation
81
in glycolysis glucose turns into what?
2 pyruvate
82
what is the middle ground between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis?
2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
83
what starts the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl coenzyme A
84
how many rounds of the citric acid cycle?
2
85
What are the electron carriers in the citric acid cycle?
NAD+, FAD
86
How many electrons do the electron carriers carry?
2
87
What does NAD+ turn into when it gains 2 electrons?
NADH
88
what does FAD turn into when it gains 2 electrons?
FADH2
89
what is the 1st reaction of the citric acid cycle?
S-CoA gets removed, acetyl is left over
90
acetyl and oxaloacetate together makes what?
Citrate (citric acid)
91
how many carbons are in acetyl and oxaloacetate?
acetyl - 2C, oxaloacetate - 4C
92
what is the main reason for the citric acid cycle?
extracting electrons
93
what are the products per glucose of the citric acid cycle?
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 2 oxaloacetate, H+, CO2
94
where does oxidation phosphorylation occur?
mitochondrion, more specifically: inner membrane, matrix, intermembrane space
95
what is the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?
series of molecules (many are proteins) mostly embedded in mitochondrial inner membrane
96
what is chemiosmosis?
facilitated diffusion of H+
97
which part of cellular respiration is actively pumping H+ through ATP synthase?
Oxidative phosphorylation
98
how many ATP are made per 3-4 H+ diffusing through ATP synthase?
1
99
1 NADH = ___ electron flow = ___ H+ pumping = ___ chemiosmosis= ___ ATP
more, 2.5
100
1 FADH2= ___ electron flow = ___ H+ pumping = ___ chemiosmosis= ___ ATP
less, 1.5
101
How many ATP are made during cellular respiration?
30 OR 32 ATP
102
how many ATP are made in glycolysis?
2
103
how many ATP are made in citric acid cycle?
2
104
how many ATP are made in oxidative phosphoylation?
26 or 28
105
what are many respiration enzymes controlled by?
feeback
106
where does your body get the biomolecules used in cellular respiration?
by eating them
107
Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
108
what happens if O2 is unavailable?
fermentation
109
Where does the DNA, ribosomes live?
the matrix
110
cellular respiration is a series of?
chemical reactions
111
what is happening when glucose is changing into 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and 2 pyruvate?
splitting in half
112
What is the reason for glycolysis?
to make NADH
113
What does NADH represent?
extracting electrons from glucose?
114
what is a catabolic reaction?
bond breaking to cause energy release
115
what is an anabolic reaction?
bond making that requires energy
116
what does EA stand for?
energy of activation
117
what is energy of activation?
energy barrier
118
what is using ATP called?
ATP hydrolysis
119
what does NAD+ stand for?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
120
what does H+ mean?
proton
121
oxidation is what of electrons?
loss
122
reduction is a what of electrons?
gain
123
does NADH have electrons?
yes, its carrying electrons
124
does NAD+ have electrons?
no, it already dropped them off or hasn't picked them up yet
125
what does reduction oxidation reaction (redox) mean?
something is gaining electrons and something is losing electrons
126
why is there 2 rounds of the citric acid cycle?
because you start with 2 acetyl coenzyme A
127
which complex does NADH go to?
1
128
which complex does FADH2 go to?
2
129
what is step 1 of fermentation?
glycolysis
130
what is step 2 of fermentation?
NAD+ regeneration (2 NADH -> 2 NAD+
131
what is ATP synthase?
enzyme that makes ATP
132
what is ATP synthesis?
the process that ATP synthase goes through to make ATP
133
what is the reaction for ATP synthesis?
ADP+Pi(+not sure how many H+)=ATP
134
What does ADP stand for?
adenosine diphosphate
135
what does Pi stand for in ATP synthesis?
phosphate group
