Bio exam 2 Flashcards
What is a nucluiod?
DNA floating in the middle pf a cell
What type of cell contains membrane bound organelles?
Eukaryotic cells
where is the Endomembrane system?
inside of a cell membrane
Does smooth ER have ribosomes?
no
Does rough ER have ribosomes?
yes
Parts in an endomembrane system
Nucleus, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus
Are vacuoles mobile?
They can be but they also can be stationary
Are vacuoles large or small?
large
What is an immobile vacuole’s job?
Store water and then squeeze the water into the cytosol
What do lysosomes do?
break down unneeded parts of the cell
Which membrane in a mitochondrion is folded up?
Inner membrane
Which membrane in a mitochondrion has more surface area?
Inner membrane
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
To make ATP
What does the mitochondrion matrix store?
Its DNA
what is the function of a chloroplast?
to make sugar
What is the plants process of making sugar called?
photosynthesis
what do you have to have in the same cell to make it an autotroph?
Mitochondria and chloroplast
what is an autotroph?
can make its own food
What do microfilaments do?
push plasma membrane out and back in again to move, while maintaining cell shape
What is the difference between cilia and flagella?
cilia are short, flagella are long
what do intermediate filaments do?
anchor the nucleus
what do microtubles do?
form spindle, maintain cell shape
what is the function of cilia and flagella?
to help movement
what does ER stand for?
endoplasmic reticulum
What type of cells are mitochondrion in?
Eukaryotic cells
what is the green pigment in chloroplasts?
chlorophyll
microfilaments have what subunit?
actin
intermediate filaments have what proteins?
keratin
microtubules have what kind of dimer?
tubulin
What kingdom has peptidoglycan
bacteria
what kingdom has cellulose?
plants
what kingdom has chitin?
fungi
plant tissues are made out of what?
plasmodesma(ta)
what are plasmodesma?
tunnels built in-between cell walls that things can pass through like biomolecules
where is the extracellular matrix?
outside of the cell
what is the extracellular matrix made out of?
proteins mainly collagen
what to tight junctions do?
create a seal to prevent anything from leaking between 2 animal cells that are a part of the same tissue
what are the 4 things all cells have in common?
plasma membrane, ribosomes, DNA, cytosol
what biomolecule are plasma membranes made out of?
phospholipid
what does amphipathic mean?
both states
the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid is what?
phosphate group, negative charge, attracts water
Hydrophobic tails are what?
fatty acids, uncharged so they don’t attract water
plasma mebrane is a phospholipid what?
bilayer
all heads of a phospholipid have what charge?
negative
what direction do the heads on a phospholipid face?
outwards
What are gap junctions?
protein tunnels between cells so things can pass back and forth
what is the function of the cytoskeleton?
to maintain shape
how is plasma membrane fluidity regulated?
phospholipid structure, cholesteral (spacer)
what helps facilitated diffusion?
protein channels or carriers
what are the stacks of plasma membrane in a chloroplasts called?
thylakoids
an ampipathic molecule is what?
both uncharged and charged meaning they are hydrophillic and hydrophobic
what type of transport doesn’t need energy?
passive
what type of transport needs energy?
active
what is osmosis?
diffusion of water
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
isotonic solution
both sides have equal concentration
hypotonic solution
outside of the cell has a lower concentration than the inside of the cell
hypertonic solution
inside of the cell has a higher concentration than the inside of the cell
what type of energy is stored in a molecules bonds?
chemical energy
what is cellular metabolism?
ALL chemical reactions taking place in a cell
endergonic reaction
energy must be put in (chemical energy)
exergonic reaction
energy release
what controls where and when chemical reactions happen?
enzymes
enzymes end in what
“ase”
enzymes are what type of biomolecule?
proteins
inhibitors do what?
slow down enzymes
is the plasma membrane fluid?
yes, always
what type of transport does the net movement go against the concentration gradient?
active
endocytosis and exocytosis refer to what?
bulk transport
what is endocytosis?
bulk transport into the cell
what is exocytosis?
bulk transport out of the cell
removing phosphate groups from ATP does what?
releases chemical energy
what is ATP hydrolysis?
breaking the covalent bond to make chemical energy and putting water in, (using ATP)
is cellular respiration exergonic or endergonic?
highly exergonic
where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol
what are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, H+, H2O
where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
mitochondrial matrix
pyruvate is modified to become what?
acetyl coenzyme A
What are the products of pyruvate oxidation per glucose?
PER GLUCOSE: 2 acetyl coenzyme A, 2 NADH, H+, CO2
in what part of cellular respiration is pyruvate changed into acetyl coenzyme A?
pyruvate oxidation
in glycolysis glucose turns into what?
2 pyruvate
what is the middle ground between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis?
2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
what starts the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl coenzyme A
how many rounds of the citric acid cycle?
2
What are the electron carriers in the citric acid cycle?
NAD+, FAD
How many electrons do the electron carriers carry?
2
What does NAD+ turn into when it gains 2 electrons?
NADH
what does FAD turn into when it gains 2 electrons?
FADH2
what is the 1st reaction of the citric acid cycle?
S-CoA gets removed, acetyl is left over
acetyl and oxaloacetate together makes what?
Citrate (citric acid)
how many carbons are in acetyl and oxaloacetate?
acetyl - 2C, oxaloacetate - 4C
what is the main reason for the citric acid cycle?
extracting electrons
what are the products per glucose of the citric acid cycle?
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 2 oxaloacetate, H+, CO2
where does oxidation phosphorylation occur?
mitochondrion, more specifically: inner membrane, matrix, intermembrane space
what is the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?
series of molecules (many are proteins) mostly embedded in mitochondrial inner membrane
what is chemiosmosis?
facilitated diffusion of H+
which part of cellular respiration is actively pumping H+ through ATP synthase?
Oxidative phosphorylation
how many ATP are made per 3-4 H+ diffusing through ATP synthase?
1
1 NADH = ___ electron flow = ___ H+ pumping = ___ chemiosmosis= ___ ATP
more, 2.5
1 FADH2= ___ electron flow = ___ H+ pumping = ___ chemiosmosis= ___ ATP
less, 1.5
How many ATP are made during cellular respiration?
30 OR 32 ATP
how many ATP are made in glycolysis?
2
how many ATP are made in citric acid cycle?
2
how many ATP are made in oxidative phosphoylation?
26 or 28
what are many respiration enzymes controlled by?
feeback
where does your body get the biomolecules used in cellular respiration?
by eating them
Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
what happens if O2 is unavailable?
fermentation
Where does the DNA, ribosomes live?
the matrix
cellular respiration is a series of?
chemical reactions
what is happening when glucose is changing into 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and 2 pyruvate?
splitting in half
What is the reason for glycolysis?
to make NADH
What does NADH represent?
extracting electrons from glucose?
what is a catabolic reaction?
bond breaking to cause energy release
what is an anabolic reaction?
bond making that requires energy
what does EA stand for?
energy of activation
what is energy of activation?
energy barrier
what is using ATP called?
ATP hydrolysis
what does NAD+ stand for?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
what does H+ mean?
proton
oxidation is what of electrons?
loss
reduction is a what of electrons?
gain
does NADH have electrons?
yes, its carrying electrons
does NAD+ have electrons?
no, it already dropped them off or hasn’t picked them up yet
what does reduction oxidation reaction (redox) mean?
something is gaining electrons and something is losing electrons
why is there 2 rounds of the citric acid cycle?
because you start with 2 acetyl coenzyme A
which complex does NADH go to?
1
which complex does FADH2 go to?
2
what is step 1 of fermentation?
glycolysis
what is step 2 of fermentation?
NAD+ regeneration (2 NADH -> 2 NAD+
what is ATP synthase?
enzyme that makes ATP
what is ATP synthesis?
the process that ATP synthase goes through to make ATP
what is the reaction for ATP synthesis?
ADP+Pi(+not sure how many H+)=ATP
What does ADP stand for?
adenosine diphosphate
what does Pi stand for in ATP synthesis?
phosphate group