BIO EXAM 2

Question 1

What are the chemical makeup of cells ?

Answer 1

elements, atoms, electrons, and ions

Question 2

What is an element ?

Answer 2

the fundamental building blocks of mass and stuff. They are substances of all other things

Question 3

What is an atom?

Answer 3

Building block of an element

Question 4

What charge is electrons and protons

Answer 4

Electrons are negative
Protons are positive

Question 5

How can you have a neutral charge ?

Answer 5

Having the same amount of protons and electrons

Question 6

What is a covalent bond ?

Answer 6

a bond that has shared electrons, strong, hard to break

Question 7

What is a non-covalent bond ?

Answer 7

are weak = no shared electrons. EX: DNA
Water has both negative and positive ends, can dissolve negative and positive

Question 8

What is an ionic bond ?

Answer 8

when an atom steals from another and has a bond. THEY don’t share they are attracted to each other. Neutrality can be maintained by certain compounds of atoms.

Question 9

What is being acidic ?

Answer 9

Having a low PH

Question 10

What is being basic ?

Answer 10

Having a PH higher than 7

Question 11

What are the four major classes ?

Answer 11

carbs, nucleotides, amino acids, & lipids

Question 12

What are carbohydrates ? And the two types of them ?

Answer 12

main chemical function is energy. They’re called carbohydrates because they have carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Types of carbs :
1.Monosaccharides- One sugar ex: Glucose
2. Polysaccharides- a chain of sugars ex; starch

Question 13

Nucleotides

Answer 13

Two important functions : Used for DNA and RNA genetic coding and energy transfer (ATP)

Question 14

Amino Acids

Answer 14

building block of protein, Same base, different functional groups (20 total)

Question 15

Lipids/Fatty Acids

Answer 15

Store energy (fats) and form membranes (lipids)
Long chains of H and C atoms ending with a carboxyl group
Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Question 16

Monounsaturated

Answer 16

has one place w a double bond and changes the shape of the molecule leads to have it spread out Good fats.
Phospholipids and membranes.

Question 17

Plasma membrane

Answer 17

phospholipid bilayer. Made of phospholipids. The membrane that Encloses cells but also regulates movement in and out of the cell (selectively permeable) via proteins embedded in membrane

Question 18

Phospholipid

Answer 18

is hydrophobic and hydrophilic on each end= THE HYDROPHOBIC PART KEEP THEMSELVES AWAY FROM WATER EX; THE TAIL STICKS OUT.

Question 19

Prokaryotic (basic cell)

Answer 19

Little organization with a cell wall around the plasma membrane to maintain shape and integrity. Eukaryotic –cells larger (100x)

Question 20

Cytosol –

Answer 20

watery interior with RNA, DNA, proteins, ions. Any chemical reactions happen in the cytosol

Question 21

Cytoplasm

Answer 21

Everything collectively inside the cell membrane

Question 22

Nucleus

Answer 22

THE OFFICE. Inside the cytoplasm and has a double membrane and also has DNA inside

Question 23

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 23

THE FACTORY. Its attached to the nucleus and has built proteins, lipids, and a single membrane

Question 24

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 24

SHIPPING. It produces vesicles to transport proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane to leave the cell

Question 25

Lysosomes and Vacuoles (receiving)

Answer 25

Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes. VACUOLES ARE SEEN MORE IN PLANTS BC THEY STORE WATER

Question 26

Mitochondria

Answer 26

POWER THE PLANTS. Applies energy and has a double membrane. Coverts energy to ATP

Question 27

Chloroplasts

Answer 27

THEY ARE IN PLANST AND PROTISTS ONLY. Captured energy from light, uses photosynthesis carbon and water is then converted into sugar

Question 28

Cytoskeleton

Answer 28

Skeleton of the cells, provides structural support and changes the shape bc of non-covalent bonds and has protein

Question 29

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 29

Energy can neither be created or destroyed. You can convert energy from one form to another.

Question 30

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 30

systems tend to become disorganized (when transferring energy it creates heat and is the cost of conversion)

Question 31

Chlorophyll

Answer 31

is what allows the light reaction to happen, a specialized pigments and has more than one type, they have electron transport chains (ETC)

Question 32

Aerobic

Answer 32

Uses oxygen

Question 33

Anaerobic

Answer 33

NO oxygen

Question 34

Glycolysis

Answer 34

A catabolic reactions( break larger molecules apart) splitting of sugar into pyruvate (net 2 ATP) don’t need oxygen

Question 35

Why do cells divide ?

Answer 35

Growth and Development, Maintenance and Reproduction

Question 36

Chromosomes

Answer 36

A Single molecule of DNA and protein, Usually only visible during mitosis, Number and shapes of chromosomes is a species’ karyotype, During S-Phase, sister chromatids form, joined at centromere. DURING MITOSIS CHROMOSOMES ARE MORE VISIBLE. HUMANS HAS 46 CHROMOSOMES.

Question 37

Prophase

Answer 37

The chromosomes become visible, centrosomes move towards the poles, Microtubules grow from each centrosome

Question 38

Pro-metaphase

Answer 38

Nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle extends to the nucleus

Question 39

Metaphase

Answer 39

Chromsomes move to middle of cell, lining up in a single plane

Question 40

anaphase

Answer 40

sister chromatids pull apart (DNA SEGREATION)

Question 41

Telophase

Answer 41

Chromosomes arrive at poles, spindle breaks down, chromosomes start to fold

Question 42

Cytokinesis

Answer 42

Breaking apart of cytoplasm of the two cells and can happen in animal and plant cells