Bio Exam #1 Flashcards
An organism’s activity is dependent on the
Activity of its independent cells
What occurs within cells?
Metabolism and biochemistry
What is is stored in cells and is shared between cells during cell division?
Hereditary information
Prokaryotes have genetic material that is stored in
The nuceloid region
All cells in organisms of similar species have
Similar chemical compositions
What may develop from insufficient apoptosis?
Cancerous growth
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by
Excessive apoptosis
During early development (as a fetus), humans have webbing between their fingers and toes. What eliminates this webbing?
Apoptosis
Peripheral membrane proteins are held in place by
Electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding
How can a peripheral membrane protein be released from the cell membrane?
Changing the pH, which would disrupt the bonds of the membrane
Adding a detergent is a method used to extract
Integral proteins, by reason that they are hydrophobic
What is competitive inhibition?
An inhibitor binds directly to the active site and prevents the reactant from binding
Metal cofactors and ATP are often used to
Boost enzyme activity
What is noncompetitive inhibition?
When an inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a binding site other than the active site and prevents the enzyme from catalyzing the reaction
Pili are small short “hairs” called fimbriae on the surface of bacteria that can be used in the
Exchange of genetic material between bacteria and in cell adhesion
In eukaryotes, flagellum is made of
Microtubules
What is Clathrin?
A receptor protein on the surface of a cell
Teichoic acids are found only on
Gram-positive bacteria and allow for cell wall rigidity
As a plant performs photosynthesis, the amount of CO2 present should
Decrease over time, since the plant consumes the carbon to make glucose
Glycolysis is best described as what type of process?
Exergonic, since overall reaction releases energy
What is a notochord?
A length of cartilage extending along the body, which will become part of the spinal discs
The spinal cord begins as the
Dorsal Neural Tube
The endostyle is what produces
Mucus for filter feeders
Which phyla lack a complete digestive system?
Platyhelminthes (tapeworms) and Cnidaria (Jellyfish)
When food moves through the digestive system it does so using muscle contractions called
Peristalsis
Passive immunity is a temporary form of immunity that occurs when
One organism can pass along their antibodies to another organism to prevent infection
Active immunity is brought about when an organism is
infected or exposed to a virus/bacterium
Natural immunity refers to
An immune response being generated by natural means
Artificial immunity refers to when
Immune response is generated via artificial means
A muscle cell that is in a sustained state of contraction is said to be in
Tetanus
When muscle cells contract, the contraction is followed by a period of cell relaxation. What happens during this period?
The cell can’t contract again
What in the pancreas secretes insulin?
Beta Cells
What in the stomach secretes gastrin, a hormone which stimulates the parietal cells of the stomach to secrete acid for digestion
G cells
The main extracellular buffer system in humans consists of
Bicarbonate
What functions as the main intracellular buffer system in humans?
Phosphate
Blood enters the heart on the right side, from the
superior and inferior vena cava as deoxygenated blood
How are marine fish compared to their environment?
hypoosmostic
What do marine fish do to maintain homeostasis?
Drink water
Why does cartilage take a considerable amount of time to heal?
It lacks a direct blood supply
Nutrients access cartilage via
Slow diffusion
Gastrulation occurs when
Group of the blastula’s cells begins to fold inward
What does Gastrulation result in?
- Formation of endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
- Formation of archenteron (center cavity)
- Formation of the blastopore (opening)
In mammals, what aides the embryo in the storage of liquid waste?
Allantois
In mammals, what forms the placenta?
chorionic villi
What is the Oocyte?
The female egg and provides the majority of the cytoplasm in a developing zygote
Someone with the AB blood group is exhibiting the principle of
Codominance
Vectors are common biological tools used to
Transform DNA for subsequent replication or gene expression
Phrenology is the study of the
Contours of the brain
Gel electrophoresis is a biotechnology process that allows for the separation of
DNA, RNA, or proteins on the basis of size and charge
What is a karyotype?
A digital image of the size, shape, and number of chromosomes of an organism
Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to identify
Similarities between organisms and the identity of an unknown DNA sample
What does PCR do?
Replicate and amplify a DNA sample in vitro
What is a mix between salt and fresh water?
Brackish water
What is Allelopathy?
A type of interference competition, where the establishment of other individuals who would compete for a mutual resource is prevented
Commensalism is a source of symbiosis in which
One of the two organisms benefits
Exploitation competition is a type of competition that occurs
Indirectly through depletion of a common resource
