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DAT Bootcamp > Bio Exam #1 > Flashcards

Bio Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

An organism’s activity is dependent on the

A

Activity of its independent cells

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2
Q

What occurs within cells?

A

Metabolism and biochemistry

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3
Q

What is is stored in cells and is shared between cells during cell division?

A

Hereditary information

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4
Q

Prokaryotes have genetic material that is stored in

A

The nuceloid region

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5
Q

All cells in organisms of similar species have

A

Similar chemical compositions

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6
Q

What may develop from insufficient apoptosis?

A

Cancerous growth

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7
Q

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by

A

Excessive apoptosis

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8
Q

During early development (as a fetus), humans have webbing between their fingers and toes. What eliminates this webbing?

A

Apoptosis

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9
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins are held in place by

A

Electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding

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10
Q

How can a peripheral membrane protein be released from the cell membrane?

A

Changing the pH, which would disrupt the bonds of the membrane

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11
Q

Adding a detergent is a method used to extract

A

Integral proteins, by reason that they are hydrophobic

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12
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

An inhibitor binds directly to the active site and prevents the reactant from binding

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13
Q

Metal cofactors and ATP are often used to

A

Boost enzyme activity

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14
Q

What is noncompetitive inhibition?

A

When an inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a binding site other than the active site and prevents the enzyme from catalyzing the reaction

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15
Q

Pili are small short “hairs” called fimbriae on the surface of bacteria that can be used in the

A

Exchange of genetic material between bacteria and in cell adhesion

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16
Q

In eukaryotes, flagellum is made of

A

Microtubules

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17
Q

What is Clathrin?

A

A receptor protein on the surface of a cell

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18
Q

Teichoic acids are found only on

A

Gram-positive bacteria and allow for cell wall rigidity

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19
Q

As a plant performs photosynthesis, the amount of CO2 present should

A

Decrease over time, since the plant consumes the carbon to make glucose

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20
Q

Glycolysis is best described as what type of process?

A

Exergonic, since overall reaction releases energy

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21
Q

What is a notochord?

A

A length of cartilage extending along the body, which will become part of the spinal discs

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22
Q

The spinal cord begins as the

A

Dorsal Neural Tube

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23
Q

The endostyle is what produces

A

Mucus for filter feeders

24
Q

Which phyla lack a complete digestive system?

A

Platyhelminthes (tapeworms) and Cnidaria (Jellyfish)

25
Q

When food moves through the digestive system it does so using muscle contractions called

A

Peristalsis

26
Q

Passive immunity is a temporary form of immunity that occurs when

A

One organism can pass along their antibodies to another organism to prevent infection

27
Q

Active immunity is brought about when an organism is

A

infected or exposed to a virus/bacterium

28
Q

Natural immunity refers to

A

An immune response being generated by natural means

29
Q

Artificial immunity refers to when

A

Immune response is generated via artificial means

30
Q

A muscle cell that is in a sustained state of contraction is said to be in

A

Tetanus

31
Q

When muscle cells contract, the contraction is followed by a period of cell relaxation. What happens during this period?

A

The cell can’t contract again

32
Q

What in the pancreas secretes insulin?

A

Beta Cells

33
Q

What in the stomach secretes gastrin, a hormone which stimulates the parietal cells of the stomach to secrete acid for digestion

A

G cells

34
Q

The main extracellular buffer system in humans consists of

A

Bicarbonate

35
Q

What functions as the main intracellular buffer system in humans?

A

Phosphate

36
Q

Blood enters the heart on the right side, from the

A

superior and inferior vena cava as deoxygenated blood

37
Q

How are marine fish compared to their environment?

A

hypoosmostic

38
Q

What do marine fish do to maintain homeostasis?

A

Drink water

39
Q

Why does cartilage take a considerable amount of time to heal?

A

It lacks a direct blood supply

40
Q

Nutrients access cartilage via

A

Slow diffusion

41
Q

Gastrulation occurs when

A

Group of the blastula’s cells begins to fold inward

42
Q

What does Gastrulation result in?

A
  • Formation of endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
  • Formation of archenteron (center cavity)
  • Formation of the blastopore (opening)
43
Q

In mammals, what aides the embryo in the storage of liquid waste?

A

Allantois

44
Q

In mammals, what forms the placenta?

A

chorionic villi

45
Q

What is the Oocyte?

A

The female egg and provides the majority of the cytoplasm in a developing zygote

46
Q

Someone with the AB blood group is exhibiting the principle of

A

Codominance

47
Q

Vectors are common biological tools used to

A

Transform DNA for subsequent replication or gene expression

48
Q

Phrenology is the study of the

A

Contours of the brain

49
Q

Gel electrophoresis is a biotechnology process that allows for the separation of

A

DNA, RNA, or proteins on the basis of size and charge

50
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A digital image of the size, shape, and number of chromosomes of an organism

51
Q

Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to identify

A

Similarities between organisms and the identity of an unknown DNA sample

52
Q

What does PCR do?

A

Replicate and amplify a DNA sample in vitro

53
Q

What is a mix between salt and fresh water?

A

Brackish water

54
Q

What is Allelopathy?

A

A type of interference competition, where the establishment of other individuals who would compete for a mutual resource is prevented

55
Q

Commensalism is a source of symbiosis in which

A

One of the two organisms benefits

56
Q

Exploitation competition is a type of competition that occurs

A

Indirectly through depletion of a common resource

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