Bio — Endocrine Sys Flashcards
What are the two adrenal glands?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
How is adrenal cortex activated?
Anterior pituitary makes ACTH to stimulate it
What does adrenal cortex produce?
It makes adrenocortical steroids
What do adrenocortical steroids do?
Determine which genes are transcribed in the nuclei of the target cells and their rate
Angiotensin 2 is a peptide.
Who regulates it and what does it do?
Lungs and kidney regulated it
Stimulates mineralocorticoids
Who makes ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide?
Atria of the heart
What are the 3 corticosteroids?
Give an example of each
Glucocorticosteroid—cortisol
Mineralocorticosteroid—aldosterone
Androgen—male sex hormones
Antagonist
a molecule or a substance that inhibits or blocks the action of another molecule, typically a receptor or an enzyme
Give an example of an antagonist to insulin
Cortisol
What does cortisol (a glucocorticoid) does to the glucose level and protein production?
It lowers blood glucose by gluconeogenesis
Lowest protein production
How do skeletal muscles respond to cortisol (a glucocorticoid)?
Amino acid is released from skeletal muscles
How do adipose tissue respond to cortisol (a glucocorticoid)?
Cortisol triggers lipid release from adipose tissue
Which corticosteroid is responsible for glucose regulation and protein metabolism?
Glucocorticosteroid—cortisol
How does aldosterone (a mineralocorticosteroid) affects the reabsorption of Na & water in the kidney nephron?
Na = Active reabsorption
water = Passive reabsorption
What stimulates and inhibits aldosterone (a mineralocorticosteroid)?
angiotensin two stimulates it
ANP inhibits it
Effect of aldosterone on blood volume and pressure
they inc
What does adrenal medulla produce?
Epinephrine — adrenaline
norepinephrine — noradrenaline
which hormones regulate flight and fight response
epinephrine and norepinephrine
What happens to blood glucose level in the presence of adrenaline ?
Blood glucose level increases because glycogen is converted to glucose in the liver muscles and therefore metabolic rate also increases
Who regulates calcium levels in the blood?
Thyroid hormone
what does calcitonin do?
Inhibits parathyroid hormone
What is the structure of thyroid hormones?
iodine is bind to tyrosine
Tyrosine residues bind together to form active thyroid hormones
How do thyroid cells form thyroid hormones T3 T4?
Thyroid cells make glycoprotein thyroglobulin, which makes T3 T4
How can thyroid hormones enter a cell?
They have to be unbound and enter through plasma proteins
What enzyme converts T4 to T3 in the peripheral tissues?
5’-deiodase
