Bio-Ecology - Part 3 Flashcards
Symbiosis
relationships between different organisms in which they rely on each other in some way for survival
5 types of symbiosis
Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Competition
Predation
Predator consumes the prey
Ex. shark eats fish
Parasitism
Parasite lives in or on the host.
Host provides food for the parasite.
Parasite does not usually kill the host
Ex. tick, leeches, mosquitoes
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit from the relationship
Ex. Lichen
Commensalism
1 organism benefits and the other organism is not affected
Ex. birds and trees- nesting
Competition
Organisms compete for necessities of life
Ex. food, water
2 types of competition
Intraspecific and interspecific
Intraspecific
competition between organisms of the same species
Ex. Mating
Interspecific
competition between organisms of different species
Ex. mice- fox, coyotes, hawks
Habitat
Where an organism lives in an ecosystem
Niche
the way in which an organisms interacts with the ecosystem
Ex. humming bird includes being a herbivore and pollinator
Ecotone
boundary between different communities.
Size can vary from centimeters to kilometers
Stability
stability of an ecosystem relates to the number of different species in the area called the diversity.
Greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem.
Succession
When the community of organisms change over time
Primary Succession
When a community forms where one never existed before
Secondary Succession
When a community regrows after it has been destroyed
factors contribute to climate of a region
Latitude
Location
Landforms
5 main ocean zones
Intertidal Neritic Photic Aphotic Benthic
Intertidal
- along shore
- covered by water for part of day
- tide is caused by gravity of the moon
Neritic
- shallow coastal area
- 0-200 m from shore
- most life forms because light fills the zone
- 0-100m deep (continental shelf)
- coral reefs
Photic
- top 200 m of the deep ocean
- many life forms because light penetrates the area
Aphotic
- below 200 m of the deep ocean
- few life forms because of lack of light
Benthic
- deep ocean bottom(2 km)
- zero light
- life forms feed on dead life that has sank
community
All organisms in an area
Ecological succession
When communities change and organisms replace each other
Pioneer community
The first organism to be in an area
Climax community
The most stable community and last part of succession
Importance of competition to the process of succession
It can create new and specialized niches
How do natural disturbances and human activities affect the process of succession?
Open nee niches that were previously occupied
2 factors that determine the rate of colonization of an island
Distance from land
Island size
How do island organisms evolve differently from those on mainland
They may not have predators or parasites
7 biomes
Tropical Rainforest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Savanna Grassland Tundra Desert
Tropical rainforest locations
Northern south America Central America Southeast Asia Northwest coastal Australia Western and central equatorial africa
Tropical rainforest climate
Temp: 28-30
Precip: 75-150
Tropical rainforest plants
Towering trees
Plants forming dense canopy
