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HRAY SCIENCE GCSE > BIO - ECOLOGY > Flashcards

BIO - ECOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the producers for the biomass on Earth?

A

Photosynthetic organisms

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2
Q

What happens to the number of prey and predators in a stable community?

A

rise and fall in cycles

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3
Q

D. Decomposer?

A

An organism that breaks down the waste of plants and animals

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4
Q

Carbon cycle?

A

returns carbon from organisms to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to be used by plants in photosynthesis

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5
Q

E. Combustion?

A

fossil fuel or wood + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

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6
Q

Order of feeding relationship?

4

A

Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer

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7
Q

What do plants need to survive? (8)

A
  • Light
  • CO2
  • Water
  • Minerals
  • Correct pH of the soil
  • Correct temperature
  • Correct humidity
  • Space
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8
Q

What do animals need to survive? (6)

A
  • Space
  • Food
  • Water
  • Temperature
  • Oxygen
  • Mate m/f
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9
Q

Adaptations of dandelions? (5)

A
  • Light fluffy parachutes on seeds to help dispersal and compete very successfully
  • Deep taproot so it is hard to remove
  • Regenerate very quickly
  • Leaves aref close to the ground so it is hard to be eaten by an animal or mowed by a person
  • Long flowering period so ensure fertilisation?
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10
Q

Why do plants spread their seeds?

A

So that the parent plant doesn’t compete with the seedlings for Light, space, water and mineral ions.

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11
Q

D. Community?

A

Populations of different species of animal, plants, fungi, Protista, bacteria and archaea that are all interdependent on a habitat.

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12
Q

D. Ecosystem?

A

Interaction of a community of living organisms with the non living (abiotic) parts of their environment.

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13
Q

Within any community, the different animals and plants are often…

A

Interdependent

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14
Q

What does interdependence mean?

A

When, in a community, each species depends on another species for food, pollination, shelter, seed dispersal etc. If one species is removed, the whole community is affected.

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15
Q

What is a stable community?

A

Where all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes stay roughly the same.

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16
Q

3 Examples of interactions between plants and animals in an ecosystem?

A
  • Animals eat plants
  • Animals pollinate plants
  • Animals spread seeds through droppings
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17
Q

Abiotic factors affecting communities? (7)

A
  • Light intensity
  • Temperature
  • Moisture levels
  • Soil pH and mineral content
  • Wind intensity and direction
  • Carbon dioxide levels for plants
  • Availability of oxygen for animals and aquatic animals
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18
Q

Biotic factors affecting communities? (4)

A
  • availability of food
  • new predators arriving
  • new pathogens
  • new competitors
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19
Q

D. Abiotic?

A

non living

20
Q

D. Quadrat?

A

a sample area

21
Q

What do animals compete for? (3)

A

food, territory and mates

22
Q

What do plants compete for? (4)

A

light, space, water and mineral ions

23
Q

Plants and animals both have adaptations to make them good….

A

competitors

24
Q

D. Structural (physical) adaptations?

A

Adaptations you can see (inside and out) eg. shape/colour

25
Q

D. Functional adaptations?

A

Adaptations of the body at a cellular level eg.metabolism

26
Q

D. Behavioural adaptations?

A

How animals act eg. migration

27
Q

D. Extremophile?

A

Organisms that survive and reproduce in the most difficult (extreme) conditions/environments with extreme pressure, temperature or salt. eg. water bears

28
Q

Name 2 adaptations that an animal living in a hot place may have

A
  • Kidneys produce very concentrated urine so they waste very little water
  • Many have a very large SA:V ratio enabling them to keep cool
29
Q

Adaptations of plants to prevent water loss?

A

Thick waxy cuticle

30
Q

D. Biodiversity?

A

The measure of the variety of all species and organisms on Earth, or within a particular ecosystem

31
Q

High biodiversity helps to ensure…

A

stability of an ecosystem by reducing the dependence of one species on another

32
Q

Effects of fertiliser in the waterways?

A
  • stimulates the growth of algae and water plants
  • plants die because unable to photosynthesise
  • means more microorganisms feed on dead pants
  • less oxygen in water as microorganisms respire
  • fish die
33
Q

Why are peat bogs mainly destroyed?

A
  • peat is burnt as fuel

- widely used by gardeners to improve soil quality

34
Q

Peat is a large store of…

A

carbon

35
Q

Ways of maintaining biodiversity? (4)

A
  • breeding programs for endangered species
  • protection and regeneration of rare habitats
  • reintroduction of field margins and hedgerows
  • reduction of deforestation
36
Q

D. Trophic levels?

A

The position of organisms within a food chain

37
Q

Trophic level 1

A

producers

38
Q

Trophic level 2

A

primary consumers (herbivores)

39
Q

Trophic level 3

A

secondary consumers ( carnivores who eat herbivores)

40
Q

Trophic level 4

A

tertiary consumers ( carnivores who eat secondary consumers)

41
Q

Apex predators?

A

predators with no predator

42
Q

How do decomposers break down dead mass?

A

by secreting enzymes into the environment. small soluble food molecules then diffuse back into the microorganism down the conc gradient

43
Q

How much of the biomass from each trophic level is transferred to the next one?

A

10%

44
Q

Why do losses of biomass occur?

A

Because not all ingested material is absorbed, some excreted, some used in respiration, some lost as urine etc.

45
Q

D. Incident energy?

A

light falling on Earth

46
Q

Percentage of incident energy from light that is used by plants and algae for photosynthesis?

A

1%

HRAY SCIENCE GCSE (6 decks)

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