Bio: Circulatory Systems and Immunology

Question 1

Plant circulation

Answer 1

Translocation

Question 2

What is the primary organ of transport in the plant?

Answer 2

Stem

Question 3

Vascular bundles

Answer 3

Run up and down the stem

Question 4

Fibrovascular bundle

Answer 4

Center of the stem contains xylem, phloem, cambium

Question 5

Xylem

Answer 5

thick walled, hollow cells INSIDE vascular bundle.
Carry water and minerals up the plant and their thick walls give the plant its rigid support.
outer layer of xylem is alive. called sapwood.

Question 6

Two types of xylem cells

Answer 6

Vessel cells and tracheids

Question 7

Transpiration pull

Answer 7

Rise of water in xylem

As water evaporates from the leaves of plants, a vacuum is made that pulls water up the stem

Question 8

Capillary action

Answer 8

Rise of water in xylem
Any liquid in a thin tube will rise due to the surface tension of the liquid and interactions between the liquid and the tube

Question 9

Root pressure

Answer 9

Rise of water in xylem

Water entering the root hairs exerts a pressure that pushes water up the stem.

Question 10

Phloem

Answer 10

Thin walled cells on the outside of the vascular bundle.
Transport nutrients down the stem.
Phloem cells are living

Question 11

Types of phloem cells

Answer 11

Sieve tube cells and companion cells,

Question 12

Cambium

Answer 12

Two layers thick. Actively dividing. undifferentiated cells that give rise to xylem and phloem.
(In between x and p cells)
Cells near phloem differentiate into phloem. x into x.

Question 13

Layers in plant stem. out to in

Answer 13

Epidermis (outerbark) > Cortex > Phloem > Cambium > Xylem > Pith (tissue involved in storage of nutrients and plant support)

Question 14

Root

Answer 14

Root functions to ABSORB materials via root hairs and to ANCHOR the plant.

Question 15

Root hairs

Answer 15

specialized cells of root epidermis with thin walled projections.
increase SA for absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
Has layers just like the stem.

Question 16

Circulation in invertebrates (4)

Answer 16

Protozoans. Cnidarians. Arthropods. Annelids.

Question 17

Protozoan circulation

Answer 17

Invertebrate.

Movement of gas and nutrients is accomplished by simple diffusion within the cell

Question 18

Cnidarian circulation

Answer 18

Invertebrate.
Hydra and other cnidarians have body walls TWO CELLS THICK.
all cells are in direct contact with either the internal or external environments, so there is no need for specialized circulatory system.

Question 19

Arthropod circulation

Answer 19

Invertebrate.
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. in which blood (interstitial fluid) is in direct contact with body tissues.
Blood is circulated primarily by body movements.
Blood flows through a dorsal vessel into sinuses (where exchange occurs)

Question 20

Annelid circulation

Answer 20

Invertebrate.
Earthworm. CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
Deliver materials to cells that aren’t close to external environment. Blood is confined to vessels and moves toward head in the dorsal vessel, which functions as the main heart by contractions.

5 pairs of vessels called aortic loops connect the dorsal vessel to the ventral vessel and function as additional pumps.

No RBC. Hemoglobin like pigment dissolved in aqueous solution.

Question 21

Functions of blood

Answer 21

Transports nutrients and O2 to tissues and removes wastes and CO2 from tissues.

Question 22

Platelet function

Answer 22

injury repair

Question 23

Leukocytes

Answer 23

Main component of immune system.

Question 24

Erythrocytes

Answer 24

Erythrocytes transport O2 via circ system.
Hemoglobin molecules in erythrocytes BIND to O2.
Hemoglobin also binds to CO2 when O2 dissociates

Question 25

Bicarbonate buffering system

Answer 25

CO2 gas in the body, including the blood, is to provide an important reactant for the bicarbonate buffering system.
CO2 combines with H2) to make H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO3- weakbase) and H+ (acidic H)
Simple shifts in chemical eq of system via respiration in lungs or cells can accommodate pH imbalances in body.
Blood is a vip buffer as it is a carrier for thecrucial gases and ions used in the system.

Question 26

Amino acids and Simple sugars are absorbed into the bloodstream at the..

Answer 26

Intestinal capillaries

Question 27

Where do metabolic waste products diffuse into?

Answer 27

Metabolic waste products diffuse into capillaries from surrounding ells. These wastes are delivered to appropriate excretory organs.

Question 28

Human cardiovascular system

Answer 28

composed of a muscular four chambered heart, a network of blood vessels, and the blood.