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IOE- Bio-chemsitry > Bio-chemistry > Flashcards

Bio-chemistry Flashcards

Cell membrane, bio-molecules, cell biology, complexity associated with eukaryotes, DNA replication + gene expression, mechanism of protein synthesis, protein structure and function

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the ratio of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen

A

Cn(H20)n

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2
Q

What is the difference between a aldehyde and ketone

A

A hydrogen atom is attached to the carbon-oxygen double bond in aldehyde ketones don’t have this hydrogen

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3
Q

Glucose is a …….. and its isomer fructose is an ……….

A

Aldehyde , Ketone

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4
Q

Whats the difference between ‘D’ glucose and ‘L’ Glucose

A

mirror images of each other

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5
Q

Which one can humans digest

A

D- beacause its delcious

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6
Q

what is the most Common Monosaccharides? (All right/ fuck off/ man gun/ 4th C different/ key of Glucose)

A

Ribrose, Glucose, Mannose, Galactose, Fructose

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7
Q

Monosaccahrides also contain an ………….(OH) functional Group.

A

hydroxyl

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8
Q

Polysaccharides also both a ………….(OH) functional group and a ……………. between two simple sugar molecules

A

Hydroxyl , gylcosidic bond

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9
Q

what are monosaccharide 3 different charaterstic

A

number of carbon atoms, D or L configuration, the placment of its carbonyl group (Aldehyde or ketone)

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10
Q

What is a sterioisomer?

A

Where isomeric molecules have the same moleculer formular and sequence of bondeed atoms but differ in 3 dimenisinl orientation of atoms in space

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11
Q

What is optical isomer?

A

Compound which has the same structure but are mirror images of each other

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12
Q

what is an enantiomer?

A

a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other

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13
Q

Give example of carbohydrate that is a mirror of each other? *Draw structure*

A

D Glucose L Glucose

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14
Q

Give example of an Anomer?

A

Alpha and Beta Glucose

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15
Q

Draw Alpha and Beta Glucose

A
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16
Q

Draw D Glucose, D mannose and D fructose, D Ribose and D Galactose Fisher projection?

A
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17
Q

Draw D Glucose, D mannose and D fructose, D Ribose and D Galactose Cylic Structure?

A
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18
Q

Glucose links to glucose to form??

A

Maltose

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19
Q

Glucose linked to fructose forms

A

Sucrose

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20
Q

Glucose linked to galactose forms

A

Lactose

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21
Q

What monosaccaride form a molecule ……….is removed?

A

water

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22
Q

when two monosaccarides join the reaction is called?

A

condensation

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23
Q

Starch

Is a …………… of …glucose

It is used as a ………… in plants

Found in the form of both ………… and the branched………

(Draw the structure and bonds)

A

Polymer of Alpha glucose

Storage polysaccaride

Amylose and amylopectin

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24
Q

Cellulose

Is a …………… of ……glucose

It is used as a ………… in plants

(Draw the structure and bonds)

A

Polymer of Beta glucose

Structure

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25
Q

Glycogen

Is a …………… of glucose

It is used as a ………… in animal

(Draw the structure and bonds)

A

polymer of Alpha glucose

Energy storage

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26
Q

Derivatives of carbohydrtae can contain….

A

Nitrogens, phosphates and sulphur

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27
Q

Carbohydrates combine with lipid to form…..

A

Glycolipids

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28
Q

Carbohydrates combine with protein to form ………

A

Glycoprotein

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29
Q

Nucelosides are…….

A

Base and sugar

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30
Q

Nucleotides are ……….

A

Base , Sugar and Phospate

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31
Q

Nucleotides are linked together with a ………….. …………………… bond

A

5’ -3’ phosphodiester bond

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32
Q

Bases that are stacked on the inside are

A

hydrophobic

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33
Q

The bond between bases is ….

A

Hydrogen bond

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34
Q

DNA replication is ……….

A

semi conservative

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35
Q

The pyrimidines base are:

A

Uracil Thymine Cytosine

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36
Q

The Purines base are

A

Adenine Guanine

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37
Q

DNA replication is primed by a short stretch of …….. this is synthesised by……….

A

RNA , Primase

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38
Q

………… is a enzyme that synthesises DNA molecule

A

DNA Polymerase

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39
Q

Transcription is

A

the synthesis of RNA frfom a DNA template

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40
Q

Translation is ……

A

the synthesis of proteins using RNA

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41
Q

Transcription is initiated on ……….. on the DNA template

A

Promotor site

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42
Q

RNA polymerase ……………… require a primer to initiate RNA synthesis

A

does not

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43
Q

After transcription ………….. is used as a template for protein synthesis

A

mRNA

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44
Q

What is the structure of Uracil

A
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45
Q

What is the structure of Thymine

A
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46
Q

What is the structure of Cytosine

A
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47
Q

What is the structure of Adenine

A
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48
Q

What is the structure of Guanine

A
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49
Q

What is the numerical symbol of the fatty acid

CH3(CH2)4C=CCH2C=C(CH2)2COOH

A

18: 2 /_\ 9,12

50
Q

What is the common structual features in all DNA polymerase

A

fingers, palm, thumb, exonulease

51
Q

DNA can only be synthesised one direction because polymerase can only add nucleotides to existing

A

3’ hydroxly group

52
Q

Using energy from ATP …….. move directionally along a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone seperating it

A

Helicase

53
Q

DNA replication is ………….

(two forks replication)

A

Bi-directional

54
Q

Singel stranded ……….. ……….. ……… bind to regions of DNA, keeping the strands seperated holding them in place so each strand can serve as a template

A

DNA binding proteins

55
Q

DNA polymerase 111 holoenzyme is involved in replication activities also has……….. capabilities

A

proof reading

56
Q

T/F

Prokaryotes have no nucleus

A

True

57
Q

T/F

Bacteria are unicellular organisms

A

true

58
Q

How do bacteria reproduce

A

Binary fission

59
Q

What are the 3 groups of bacteria based on their unique cell wall components

A
  • gram negativebacteria
  • gram positive bacteria
  • mycobacteria
60
Q

What is the unque cell wall component found in gram positive bacteria?

A

Lipoteichoic acid

61
Q

What is the unque cell wall component found in gram nagative bacteria?

A

outer memebrane containing lipopolysaccharide

62
Q

unique cell wall coponent found in mycobacteria?

A

mycolic acid

63
Q

Gran positive stain……

A

purple

64
Q

gram negative stain……….

A

pink

65
Q

Small thread like structures on bacterial surface facilitate adherence to the host tissue through specific receptors

A

pili/fimbriae

66
Q

Other coating of the bacteria made of polysaccharide in most bacteria, help bacteria to evade phagocytosis

A

capsule

67
Q

Structure on the bacterial surface used in locomotion

A

Flagellum

68
Q

microbes come together in masses cling tto surfaces, produce extra cellular substances and take in nutrients and forms this…..

A

biofilm

69
Q

What is the five main shape of bacteria?

A

Rods/bacilli

Sphere/Cocci

stretch out sphere/ Coccobacilli

Curved rods/ Vibrio

Spiral/ Spirilla

70
Q

T/F

Bacteria contain a cell wall

A

True

71
Q

T/F

Bacteria contain Chromosome

A

True

72
Q

How do virus reproduce?

A

grown in host cell

73
Q

Benefits of microbes

A
  • host microbe homeostasis
  • occupying sites, so cant be colonised by other pathogens
  • promoting development of immune system
  • normal cell function
74
Q

Example of Eukaryotes cell

A

plant, animals and fungi

75
Q

Example of prokaryotes cells

A

Bacteria

76
Q

Nucleus is……..

Broken down into…..

A

control station, contains genetic information

  • nuclear envelop
  • nucleoplasm
  • nucleous
  • nuclear pores
77
Q

Chromatin

A

Loosely coiled fibers containing DNA and proteins- does not leave nucleus

78
Q

Nuclear enelope

A

lipid bi layer memebrane surrounding nucleus, keeping it seperate from the cytoplasm and the rest of the cell

79
Q

nucleoplasm

A

gel like subtance in the nucleous

80
Q

nucleolus

A

Dense body of RN inside nucleus where ribosome are made. Dark spots within the nucleus- can be more than one

81
Q

nuclear pores

A

holes in the meberane that let molecules including mRNA pass through into the cytoplasm

82
Q

Cell membrane

A

lipid bi layer sourrounding the cell. Barrier lets things in and out and plays a important role in communication

83
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Water based solution in which organelles are suspended many chemical reaction happen here

84
Q

mitochondria

A

energy power house

85
Q

Ribosomes

A

produced in the nucleus, small RNA containg particles for synthesising protein. some fixed on rough endoplasmic reticulum

86
Q

Endo plasmic reticululm

A

Network of membrane layers, sacs canals and vesticles, within a cell that produces biomolecules

87
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Contains ribosomes studded along boarders, mainly for producing proteins

88
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

no ribosome attched maily producing lipids

89
Q

Golji apparatus/complex/body

A

flattened membranous sacs involved in modification and packaging of cellular products that are stored or secreted (e.g tears and mucus)

90
Q

lysosome

A

membranous sac organelle contains digestiive enzymes. used in immune system, eats bacteria. not in plants

91
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structure support of cell

(large filaments, intermediiate filaments and micro filaments)

92
Q

Centrosome/centriole

A

Region where cell microtubule network is iniated, helps in mitosis

93
Q

flagellum (sing) flagella(pl)

A

whip like tail as on a sperm to add in locomotion

94
Q

vesicle (vacuole)

A

membranous sac formed by pinching off a piece of cell mebrane

95
Q

Draw the structure of an amino acids

A
96
Q

Peptide bond is?

What is lost?

Draw the reaction?

A

a bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another

water

97
Q

what is a polypeptide?

Relate to r-group orientation?

Directionality?

Flexability?

A

a chain of amino acids that are linked together by a peptide bond

r goup makes it possible for them to react with each other and water

amino group and carboxyl group on each end N-terminus is always on left and c-terminus on the righ

peptide bond cannot rotate because of double-bond, structure as a whole is flexiable

98
Q

What is a protein?

A

a polypeptide chain that contains 50 or more amino acids, consists of a single poplypeptide or multiple polypeptides that are bonded to each other

99
Q

Protein function?

A

catalysis, defence,movement, signaling, structure, transport

100
Q

protein structures?

A

Primary

secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

101
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

unique sequence of amino acids in a protein

102
Q

What is the Secondary structure of a protein?

Why does it fold that way?

Name the bond?

Draw the structure?

Give examples

A

Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheet ( the fold depends on the molecules primary structure e.g. sequence of amino acid)

hydrogen bonding (carbonyl oxygen of 1 amino acid residue and the hydrogen on the amino group of another)

103
Q

What is the Tertiary structure of a protein?

Why does it fold this way?

name the bonds?

Draw the protein?

Give examples?

A

Polypeptides results from interactions between the R group or between r group and peptide backbone

contact between r groups and peptide backbone causes the peptide bonded backbone to bend and fold to contribute to its 3d shape

5tyoes of interactions: Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, van der waals interactions, convalent bonding, ionic bonding

104
Q

What is the Quaternary structure of a protein?

A

combination of polypeptide subunits

bonds and interactions between r groups and between piptide backbones of different polypeptde, depends on primary structure

105
Q

what is a prion?

A

improperly folded proteins that act as infectious, disease-causing agent

does not differ in amino acid sequence the shappe is just different

can induce other proteins molecules to change their shape to the alterd form

106
Q

The Plasma membrane is what kind of permeability?

A

selective

107
Q

Define the fluid mosaic model?

A

The membrane is fluid structure with a “mosaic “ of various proteins embedded in it

108
Q

Phospolipds can do what within the bi-layer?

A

flip but they mostly droft laterally

109
Q

the hydrocarbon tails in the membrane can be both…….

A

saturated and unstaurated

110
Q

Proteins determin the membranes……

A

specific function

111
Q

peripheral protein found?

what do they do?

A

bonded to the surface of the membrane

112
Q

Integral protein found?

what do they do?

A

penetrate the hydrophobic core of the membrane

113
Q

The 6 major function of membrane proteins?

A
  • transport
  • enzymatic activity
  • signal tranduction
  • cellcell recognition
  • intercellular joining
  • attchment to the cytoskeleton
114
Q

Trans port proteins

A

allow passage of hydrophillic substances accross the membrane

115
Q

exocytosis

A

transport vesicle migrate to the membrane fuse with it and release

116
Q

endocytosis

A

the cell takes in macromolecules by forming velicels from the plasma membrane

117
Q

Describe the structure of cholesterol?

Draw it

A
  1. 4 fused rings- 36 membered, 1,5 membered
  2. 5-6 double bond
  3. OH at 3 position making it mildly amphipathic
118
Q

Cholersterol Functions?

A

cell membrnae- stiffens

precursor for steriod hormones (adrenals, gonads)

precursor for bile salts

119
Q

In prokyrate cells how are genes expressed?

A

Trnslation and transcription occurs simultatiously, and is a contiuos process in the cell

120
Q

In Eurkorytic cells how are genes expressed?

A

mitosis

121
Q
A

IOE- Bio-chemsitry (12 decks)

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