Bio-chemistry Flashcards
Cell membrane, bio-molecules, cell biology, complexity associated with eukaryotes, DNA replication + gene expression, mechanism of protein synthesis, protein structure and function
What is the ratio of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen
Cn(H20)n
What is the difference between a aldehyde and ketone
A hydrogen atom is attached to the carbon-oxygen double bond in aldehyde ketones don’t have this hydrogen
Glucose is a …….. and its isomer fructose is an ……….
Aldehyde , Ketone
Whats the difference between ‘D’ glucose and ‘L’ Glucose
mirror images of each other
Which one can humans digest
D- beacause its delcious
what is the most Common Monosaccharides? (All right/ fuck off/ man gun/ 4th C different/ key of Glucose)
Ribrose, Glucose, Mannose, Galactose, Fructose
Monosaccahrides also contain an ………….(OH) functional Group.
hydroxyl
Polysaccharides also both a ………….(OH) functional group and a ……………. between two simple sugar molecules
Hydroxyl , gylcosidic bond
what are monosaccharide 3 different charaterstic
number of carbon atoms, D or L configuration, the placment of its carbonyl group (Aldehyde or ketone)
What is a sterioisomer?
Where isomeric molecules have the same moleculer formular and sequence of bondeed atoms but differ in 3 dimenisinl orientation of atoms in space
What is optical isomer?
Compound which has the same structure but are mirror images of each other
what is an enantiomer?
a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other
Give example of carbohydrate that is a mirror of each other? *Draw structure*
D Glucose L Glucose
Give example of an Anomer?
Alpha and Beta Glucose
Draw Alpha and Beta Glucose
Draw D Glucose, D mannose and D fructose, D Ribose and D Galactose Fisher projection?
Draw D Glucose, D mannose and D fructose, D Ribose and D Galactose Cylic Structure?
Glucose links to glucose to form??
Maltose
Glucose linked to fructose forms
Sucrose
Glucose linked to galactose forms
Lactose
What monosaccaride form a molecule ……….is removed?
water
when two monosaccarides join the reaction is called?
condensation
Starch
Is a …………… of …glucose
It is used as a ………… in plants
Found in the form of both ………… and the branched………
(Draw the structure and bonds)
Polymer of Alpha glucose
Storage polysaccaride
Amylose and amylopectin
Cellulose
Is a …………… of ……glucose
It is used as a ………… in plants
(Draw the structure and bonds)
Polymer of Beta glucose
Structure
Glycogen
Is a …………… of glucose
It is used as a ………… in animal
(Draw the structure and bonds)
polymer of Alpha glucose
Energy storage
Derivatives of carbohydrtae can contain….
Nitrogens, phosphates and sulphur
Carbohydrates combine with lipid to form…..
Glycolipids
Carbohydrates combine with protein to form ………
Glycoprotein
Nucelosides are…….
Base and sugar
Nucleotides are ……….
Base , Sugar and Phospate
Nucleotides are linked together with a ………….. …………………… bond
5’ -3’ phosphodiester bond
Bases that are stacked on the inside are
hydrophobic
The bond between bases is ….
Hydrogen bond
DNA replication is ……….
semi conservative
The pyrimidines base are:
Uracil Thymine Cytosine
The Purines base are
Adenine Guanine
DNA replication is primed by a short stretch of …….. this is synthesised by……….
RNA , Primase
………… is a enzyme that synthesises DNA molecule
DNA Polymerase
Transcription is
the synthesis of RNA frfom a DNA template
Translation is ……
the synthesis of proteins using RNA
Transcription is initiated on ……….. on the DNA template
Promotor site
RNA polymerase ……………… require a primer to initiate RNA synthesis
does not
After transcription ………….. is used as a template for protein synthesis
mRNA
What is the structure of Uracil
What is the structure of Thymine
What is the structure of Cytosine
What is the structure of Adenine
What is the structure of Guanine
What is the numerical symbol of the fatty acid
CH3(CH2)4C=CCH2C=C(CH2)2COOH
18: 2 /_\ 9,12
What is the common structual features in all DNA polymerase
fingers, palm, thumb, exonulease
DNA can only be synthesised one direction because polymerase can only add nucleotides to existing
3’ hydroxly group
Using energy from ATP …….. move directionally along a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone seperating it
Helicase
DNA replication is ………….
(two forks replication)
Bi-directional
Singel stranded ……….. ……….. ……… bind to regions of DNA, keeping the strands seperated holding them in place so each strand can serve as a template
DNA binding proteins
DNA polymerase 111 holoenzyme is involved in replication activities also has……….. capabilities
proof reading
T/F
Prokaryotes have no nucleus
True
T/F
Bacteria are unicellular organisms
true
How do bacteria reproduce
Binary fission
What are the 3 groups of bacteria based on their unique cell wall components
- gram negativebacteria
- gram positive bacteria
- mycobacteria
What is the unque cell wall component found in gram positive bacteria?
Lipoteichoic acid
What is the unque cell wall component found in gram nagative bacteria?
outer memebrane containing lipopolysaccharide
unique cell wall coponent found in mycobacteria?
mycolic acid
Gran positive stain……
purple
gram negative stain……….
pink
Small thread like structures on bacterial surface facilitate adherence to the host tissue through specific receptors
pili/fimbriae
Other coating of the bacteria made of polysaccharide in most bacteria, help bacteria to evade phagocytosis
capsule
Structure on the bacterial surface used in locomotion
Flagellum
microbes come together in masses cling tto surfaces, produce extra cellular substances and take in nutrients and forms this…..
biofilm
What is the five main shape of bacteria?
Rods/bacilli
Sphere/Cocci
stretch out sphere/ Coccobacilli
Curved rods/ Vibrio
Spiral/ Spirilla
T/F
Bacteria contain a cell wall
True
T/F
Bacteria contain Chromosome
True
How do virus reproduce?
grown in host cell
Benefits of microbes
- host microbe homeostasis
- occupying sites, so cant be colonised by other pathogens
- promoting development of immune system
- normal cell function
Example of Eukaryotes cell
plant, animals and fungi
Example of prokaryotes cells
Bacteria
Nucleus is……..
Broken down into…..
control station, contains genetic information
- nuclear envelop
- nucleoplasm
- nucleous
- nuclear pores
Chromatin
Loosely coiled fibers containing DNA and proteins- does not leave nucleus
Nuclear enelope
lipid bi layer memebrane surrounding nucleus, keeping it seperate from the cytoplasm and the rest of the cell
nucleoplasm
gel like subtance in the nucleous
nucleolus
Dense body of RN inside nucleus where ribosome are made. Dark spots within the nucleus- can be more than one
nuclear pores
holes in the meberane that let molecules including mRNA pass through into the cytoplasm
Cell membrane
lipid bi layer sourrounding the cell. Barrier lets things in and out and plays a important role in communication
Cytoplasm
Water based solution in which organelles are suspended many chemical reaction happen here
mitochondria
energy power house
Ribosomes
produced in the nucleus, small RNA containg particles for synthesising protein. some fixed on rough endoplasmic reticulum
Endo plasmic reticululm
Network of membrane layers, sacs canals and vesticles, within a cell that produces biomolecules
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Contains ribosomes studded along boarders, mainly for producing proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
no ribosome attched maily producing lipids
Golji apparatus/complex/body
flattened membranous sacs involved in modification and packaging of cellular products that are stored or secreted (e.g tears and mucus)
lysosome
membranous sac organelle contains digestiive enzymes. used in immune system, eats bacteria. not in plants
cytoskeleton
structure support of cell
(large filaments, intermediiate filaments and micro filaments)
Centrosome/centriole
Region where cell microtubule network is iniated, helps in mitosis
flagellum (sing) flagella(pl)
whip like tail as on a sperm to add in locomotion
vesicle (vacuole)
membranous sac formed by pinching off a piece of cell mebrane
Draw the structure of an amino acids
Peptide bond is?
What is lost?
Draw the reaction?
a bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another
water
what is a polypeptide?
Relate to r-group orientation?
Directionality?
Flexability?
a chain of amino acids that are linked together by a peptide bond
r goup makes it possible for them to react with each other and water
amino group and carboxyl group on each end N-terminus is always on left and c-terminus on the righ
peptide bond cannot rotate because of double-bond, structure as a whole is flexiable
What is a protein?
a polypeptide chain that contains 50 or more amino acids, consists of a single poplypeptide or multiple polypeptides that are bonded to each other
Protein function?
catalysis, defence,movement, signaling, structure, transport
protein structures?
Primary
secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
What is the primary structure of a protein?
unique sequence of amino acids in a protein
What is the Secondary structure of a protein?
Why does it fold that way?
Name the bond?
Draw the structure?
Give examples
Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheet ( the fold depends on the molecules primary structure e.g. sequence of amino acid)
hydrogen bonding (carbonyl oxygen of 1 amino acid residue and the hydrogen on the amino group of another)
What is the Tertiary structure of a protein?
Why does it fold this way?
name the bonds?
Draw the protein?
Give examples?
Polypeptides results from interactions between the R group or between r group and peptide backbone
contact between r groups and peptide backbone causes the peptide bonded backbone to bend and fold to contribute to its 3d shape
5tyoes of interactions: Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, van der waals interactions, convalent bonding, ionic bonding
What is the Quaternary structure of a protein?
combination of polypeptide subunits
bonds and interactions between r groups and between piptide backbones of different polypeptde, depends on primary structure
what is a prion?
improperly folded proteins that act as infectious, disease-causing agent
does not differ in amino acid sequence the shappe is just different
can induce other proteins molecules to change their shape to the alterd form
The Plasma membrane is what kind of permeability?
selective
Define the fluid mosaic model?
The membrane is fluid structure with a “mosaic “ of various proteins embedded in it
Phospolipds can do what within the bi-layer?
flip but they mostly droft laterally
the hydrocarbon tails in the membrane can be both…….
saturated and unstaurated
Proteins determin the membranes……
specific function
peripheral protein found?
what do they do?
bonded to the surface of the membrane
Integral protein found?
what do they do?
penetrate the hydrophobic core of the membrane
The 6 major function of membrane proteins?
- transport
- enzymatic activity
- signal tranduction
- cellcell recognition
- intercellular joining
- attchment to the cytoskeleton
Trans port proteins
allow passage of hydrophillic substances accross the membrane
exocytosis
transport vesicle migrate to the membrane fuse with it and release
endocytosis
the cell takes in macromolecules by forming velicels from the plasma membrane
Describe the structure of cholesterol?
Draw it
- 4 fused rings- 36 membered, 1,5 membered
- 5-6 double bond
- OH at 3 position making it mildly amphipathic
Cholersterol Functions?
cell membrnae- stiffens
precursor for steriod hormones (adrenals, gonads)
precursor for bile salts
In prokyrate cells how are genes expressed?
Trnslation and transcription occurs simultatiously, and is a contiuos process in the cell
In Eurkorytic cells how are genes expressed?
mitosis
