bio Chem quiz #2 Flashcards
Inorganic:
Molecules contain C, H, or neither.
Organic:
Molecules contain both C & H!
Importance of CARBON to Organic Compounds
Contains 4 valence electrons & can make up to 4 more covalent bonds with other elements!
Macromolecules:
LARGE molecules in living cells.
Monomer:
one unit/molecul
Polymer
many monomers bonded together.
Carbohydrates:
Elements: C, H, O , monosaccharide, energy source, Often end in –ose, hexagon
Monosaccharides:
- basic unit of carbohydrates – “simple sugar”
-Glucose, fructose, galactose - C 6 H 12 O 6
Dehydration Synthesis:
- removal of water to bond monomers together to form polymers.
-One less water is removed than the # of monomers bonded together
Hydrolysis:
water is added to break polymers into monomers.
Disaccharides:
-2 monosaccharides bonded together.
-Sucrose, maltose, lactose
- C 12 H 22 O 11
Cellulose:
major plant cell wall component.
Polysaccharides
- complex carb
-macromolecules formed by MANY (few hundred-few thousand) monosaccharides bonded together.
Starch:
energy/glucose storage molecule in plants.
Glycogen:
energy/glucose storage molecule in animal liver cells.
Chitin:
found in exoskeleton of insects & fungal cell walls.
Lipids:
-Elements: C, H, O
-Monomer (basic unit): 1 Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids
-Function: energy storage & component of cell membranes.
-rectangle
Fatty Acids
very long hydrocarbon chains (nonpolar & hydrophobic)!
* can be saturated/unsaturated & differ/lipid
Glycerol
same/lipid – C 3 H 8 O
Saturated Fatty Acid:
hydrocarbon chain is “saturated” w/ as many H’s as possible (no C=C bonds) – does not bend!
Unsaturated Fatty Acid:
hydrocarbon chain has double bond(s), allowing bending/kinking to occur!
Phospholipids:
Component of cell membranes & form a lipid bilayer.
* Made up of a phosphate group, 1 glycerol & 2 fatty acids.
* Heads = hydrophilic (phosphate group has slight charge)
* Tails = hydrophobic (nonpolar hydrocarbon chains)
Waxes:
Lipid-like molecules w/ diverse functions: *Form a cuticle on leaves – decreases water loss!
*Skin/fur maintenance.
*Ear wax!
*Bees wax makes honey combs ☺
Polypeptides & Proteins:
-Elements: C, H, O, N
-Monomer (basic unit): amino acids
–Function: aids in metabolism - all of the dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis reactions in the body!
-block/square
Hormones:
chemical messengers (influence metabolism)
Pigments
colored proteins w/ essential roles
Antibodies
detect antigens by their shape and aid in an immune respons
Enzymes
speed up chemical reactions in ALL organisms
Where do amino acids come from?
some must be consumed in your diet & others are synthesized (made) by your body!
What Makes Each Protein Unique?
- Types of amino acids bonded together.
- Length of amino acid chain.
- Order of the amino acids used.
(determine shape of protine)
catalysts –
speed up chemical reactions while reducing the activation energy needed to jumpstart the reaction.
-metabloic reactions
Activation Energy:
-amount of energy it takes to jumpstart a chemical reaction!
-Energy required to “contort the reactants” so bonds can break/change to form products.
Enzyme Characteristics:
- A type of protein (made of amino acids)
*Named after the substrate & end in –ase
*HIGHLY SPECIFIC to ONE type of chemical reaction → specifically shaped active site! *Unchanged by the chemical reaction & reusable!
Lock & Key Model Theory of Enzyme Action:
there is one specifically shaped type of enzyme that has an active site that fits specific substrate(s).
Induced Fit:
Active site undergoes a slight shape change so it fits tightly around specific substrate.
*Enhances ability to catalyze the reaction!
pH:
Extreme pH away from the optimal pH denatures the enzyme’s active site.
Denature (Denaturation):
Enzyme’s active site changes shape so substrate no longer fits.
nucleic acid
- C H O N P
- momomer - neucleotide
- stores and transmits heridetary info
