BIO CHEM 301 UNIT 1 Flashcards

Question

Biochem unit-1 lesson 1. Commentary. .

Answer 1

Biochemistry is the study of the building blocks, or molecules of life. And here these molecules.

Answer 2

The consistent structure of natures major organic building blocks, allows us to find similarties in the biochemical make up of all living creatures. These building blocks termed biomolecales are divided into four classes: \*proteins/and their building blocks amino acids. \*carbohydrates or polysaccharides and their building blocks sugars lipids and their building blocks fatty acids name \*nuckic acids and their building blocks Nucleotides and ribonucheotides

Answer 3

The building blocks of bio molecules ( amino acids, monosaccharides , fatty acids and ribonucleotides and the reactions biomolecales undergo are virtually the same whether viruses, plants or cows are being discussed. The great diversity of life comes from how the building blocks ar assembled.

Answer 4

Biochemistry is the study of how these molecules interconnect biochem concerns itself with how reactions can function efficiently. biochem is about controlled interconnected reactions when all the bio molecules and biochemical reactions are in a steady state we are in the world of biology. Life itself is about biochemical reactions growth and species reproduction.

Answer 5

Biochemists study all aspects of the material presented in this course. Hence when you learn some of the biochemical facts reasearches will modify the term when sensitive instruments are used.

Answer 6

\* A descriptive title \* the names and address of the authors \* a 100-200 word summary of the article, known as an "abstract" a "literature search" section, usually included in the articles introduction that indicate why the problem is worth studying and what previous work been done has on it. \* a description of the Methods, instruments, animals and chemicals used \* the results of the research \* a discussion of the significance of the results \* a list of articles cited

Answer 7

Is similar to or different from others in its class

Answer 8

It is a good idea to scan the abstract to see if under its easy to understand * if not try to read the last paragraph of the literature search and the last paragraph of the article * Often authors will use the end of the literature teach to connect previously published work with current work. They will use the last paragraph to turn up and discuss the overall significance of the work after reading the paragraph Hs last two go back and read and the abstract see if it makes sense. \* next examinethe graphs and tables e then read from beginning to end.

Answer 9

\* In danger of drowning in literature \* use abstracting service \* use keywords from research asides a Computer produces a list of articles \* research and get articles from database

Answer 10

The elements that make up 99% ofa living cells are carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, oxygen, Calcium ,and phosphorus

Answer 11

Carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen

Answer 12

The 4 main classes of biomoecales a carbohydrates " Lipids proteins and nucleic acids \*carbohydrates: function to store energy and provide structure. Glucose is a sugar and is classified as a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates store energy and genetic information. They are used in cell interaction and communication. • The simplest carbohydrate is a monosaccharide. Lipids comprise of a diverse range of molecules and is a catch all for water insoluble or non polar compounds of biological origin: including waxes, fattyacids, sphingolipid's, glycolipids, and terpenoids. Some hovering structures.

Answer 13

Lipids comprise of a diverse range of molecules and tosome extent is a catcall for water insoluble or nonpolar compounds of biological origin including waxes, fatty acids phosphorlipids s glycolipids and terpenoids. \*some lipids are linear, and others are open chain. \*Lipids are usually made of one molecule of glycerol combined with other molecules. Most lipids havesomme polar character in addition to being nonpolar. The bulk of their structure is non polar or hydrophobic, meaning it does not interact well with water • The other part of their structure is hydrophilic which means water loving. They are amphiphilic. This means they have hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions

Answer 14

\*Proteins are very large macro molecules made from monornes called amino acids. \* An amino acid consists of an alpha Carbon atom attached to an amino group, carboxylic acid group ,a hydrogen atom and a side chain denoted a "r" proteins. structural or functional roles. Actin and myosin are responsible for the contraction of skeletal muscle .

Answer 15

Nucleic acids are present in cell nuclei. They are complex, high molecular weight biochemical macrocell rules that convey genetic information in all living cells and viruses The most common nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. The phosphate group and the sugar of each nucleotide bond with each other to form the back bone of nuclei acid while the sequence of nitrogenous bases store the information. The most common nitrogenous bases are adenine cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. The nitrogenous bases of each strand of nuckic acid will form hydrogen bonds.

Answer 16

Other techniques that could be used would be chromatography x ray diffraction, dual polarization interferometry, NMR spectroscopy these techniques allow for the discovery and analysis of molecules and metabolic pathways of the cell. If can analyze the molecule of a group of organisms and then we could determine if the contain the bio mole cells of life.

Answer 17

\* Prokaryote is a cellular organism that lacks an envelope enclosed nucleus.\* prokaryotes we thought have risen before eukaryotes

Answer 18

Prokaryotes lack mitochondria

Answer 19

While typically being unicellular some prokaryotes such as cyarabacteria form colonies and are asexual

Answer 20

Only eukaryotic cells have an enveloped nucleus that contains its chromosomal DNA and other membrane bound organelle including mitochondria.

Answer 21

\* Prokaryotes have a prokaryotic cytoskeleton. Composed of actin and tubulin. Cytoskeleton provides the strucfual backgrounds for chemotaxiss the call physiological response of bacteria. \* most prokaryotes arc between mum and 10am

Answer 22

Long whip like profusion that aids cellular locomotion used by both gram positive and gram negative organisms.

Answer 23

Surrounds the cell cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell

Answer 24

Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives its shape

Answer 25

A gel like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts,cell components and various Organic Molecules

Answer 26

Cell structure responsible for protein production

Answer 27

Area of the cytoplasm that contains the prokaryotes single DNA molecule.

Answer 28

A glycoproteins polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membrane

Answer 29

It contains the inclusion bodies like ribosomes and larger masses scattered in the cytoplasmic matrix

Answer 30

Cocci A bacterium that is spherical or ovoid is called a coccus eg streptococcus, staphylococcus

Answer 31

A bacterium with cylindrical shape called rod or a bacillus

Answer 32

Some rods twist into spiral shapes and are called spirilla

Answer 33

Comma-shaped

Answer 34

Bacteria and archaea reproduce through asexual reproduction usually by binary fission

Answer 35

In bacteria reproduce by bacterial virus mediated transduction

Answer 36

Plasmid -mediated conjugation

Answer 37

Natural transformation

Answer 38

Prokaryotes are considered strictly unicellular, most can form stable aggregate Communities some Communities are encased in a stabilizing polymer matrix. They are called biofilm. Changes in gene expression is the result of cell to cell signaling called quorum sensing. Biofilm attach to solid surfaces, liquid air interfaces or liquid-liquid interfaces.

Answer 39

Prokaryotes us photosynthesis or organic compounds for energy. Prokaryotes may obtain energy from inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. Prokaryotes live in nearly all environments on Earth.

Answer 40

\* Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus containing DNA, whereas prokaryotes do not have a nucleus \* both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large rna/protein structures called ribosomes which produce protein \* prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts.\* prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller then eukaryotic cells

Answer 41

\* Are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope.\* eukaryotic cells typically contain membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts con be found in plants and algae: these organelles are unique to eukaryote, although primitive organelles can be found in prokaryotes

Answer 42

\* Eukaryotes can reproduce asexually through mitosis and sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion. \* eukaryotes can be uni cellular or multicellular and include many cell types leading to different types of cell tissue, \* in mitosis one cell divides to produce two genetically identical cells. In meiosis DNA replication two rounds of cell division to is followed by produce for haploid daughter cells

Answer 43

\* Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than those of prokaryotes having a volume around 10000 times greater than a prokaryotic cell

Answer 44

Eukaryotic cells have a variety of internal membrane bound structures called organelles and a cytoskeleton composed of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

Answer 45

Eukaryotic DNA is divided into several linear bundles called chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells include membrane bound structures called the endomenbrene system \* nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear membrane with pores that allow material to move in and out.

Answer 46

Cells ingest food and other materials through a process of endocytosis where the outer membrane pinches off to form a vesicles

Answer 47

\* Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down biomolecales in the cytoplasm \* peroxisomes are used to break down peroxideand ove contracting vacuoles that expel l Tess water and extrasomes

Answer 48

\*Mitochondira provide energy to the eukaryotic cell by converting sugars into ATP. \*Two surrounding membranes, each with a phospholipid belayer with invaginations called cristae where aerobic respiration takes places.

Answer 49

\*Plastids have their own DNA and are developed from enosymbionts.

Answer 50

\*a layer outside the cell membrane prodciding the cell with strucuctural support, protection, and a filtering mechanism. The major polysaccharides making up the primary cell wall of land plants are cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.

Answer 51

\*All animals are eukaryotics. \*lack cell walls and chloroplasts and have smaller vacuoles. \*Due to the lack of cell wall, animals can transform into a variety of shapes. \*phagocytic cells can engulf other structures.

Answer 52

\*large central vacuole enclosed by a membrane called the tonoplast which maintains the cells tutor and controls movement of molecules. \*A primary cell wall contains cellulose, hemicellulose.

Answer 53

\*Cell division generally takes place asexullay by mitosis, a process that allowed each daughter nucleus to receive one copy of each chromosome.

Answer 54

Most of the biomolecules are found, and most of the reactions involving them take place, inside a cell. This lesson describes a typical eukaryotic cell, including the chemical composition of the cell, and the functions of cellular structures.

Answer 55

The cell evolved from separate molecules and from small assemblies of molecules. Therefore, we might expect the chemical elements that make up the cell to be similar in abundance to those of the Earth’s crust. This is not the case: of the four most common elements in the Earth’s crust (O, Al, Si, and Fe), two (Si and Al) are not even found in living matter. It seems that the atoms making up living matter are there because of their chemical fit or their similar atomic radii, rather than because they reflect the material from which the cell evolved.

Answer 56

As this table shows, the elements hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) add up to 99.4% of a typical cell. Note that the elements in the second section of the table make up less than 1% of the cell. The elements in the third section, called “trace elements,” are found mostly within proteins. In general, the less abundant major elements and the trace elements are ionic or charged species, while H, O, C, and N are likely to be non‐charged species in organic compounds. Therefore, we can think of the cell as an aqueous solution of organic molecules and miniscule amounts of inorganic ions. We will examine the properties of water in Lesson 3.

Answer 57

aqueous interior of the cell

Answer 58

array of protein "laments found in the cytosol, which controls both cell shape and cell motion

Answer 59

interconnected membrane sheets in the cytoplasm to which ribosomes can be attached

Answer 60

#attened membrane sacs, usually found near the nucleus; proteins, produced inside the cell but designed to be secreted outside the cell, are concentrated and modi"ed in the Golgi apparatus just before being secreted

Answer 61

membrane‐bound organelle that contains potent digestive enzymes

Answer 62

lipid‐rich area that surrounds the cell, the mitochondria, or other organelles; membranes have polar surfaces and a hydrophobic interior, and contain 25–75% protein; cellular membranes, and also the membranes enclosing organelles, are semi‐permeable (i.e., water and some, but not all, other molecules can pass freely in and out)

Answer 63

membrane‐bound organelle in which the bulk of the cell’s energy (ATP) is produced; mitochondria also contain a small amount of DNA

Answer 64

specialized, RNA‐rich area of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is thought to be produced

Answer 65

membrane‐bound organelle that contains almost all of the DNA in the cell; the DNA is tightly coiled and surrounded by positively charged proteins called histones

Answer 66

particle made up of proteins and RNA; ribosomes are the “factories” for protein production; they are found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 67

The nucleus is the site of RNA production. Newly produced (and short lived) RNA passes out of the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, or to ER membranes. Amino acids in the cytoplasm are linked together on the ribosomes to make proteins. The newly produced proteins can be used within the cell, incorporated into membranes, or secreted into the extracellular space.

Answer 68

Sugars and fats are partially digested in the cytoplasm, and then are transported into the mitochondria, where they are converted into ATP. ATP is the fuel molecule that provides the energy for protein production and other cellular activities. Cells can also synthesize lipids, nucleotides, and ribonucleotides. All biochemical syntheses are accomplished in the cytoplasm or on a membrane surface.

Answer 69

1. The earth’s crust is mostlycomposedofO,Al,Si,andFe. Living cells are mostlycomposedofH,C,O, and N. Two elements found in the earth’s crust, Si and Al, are not found in living matter.

Answer 70

Golgi apparatus is involved in protein assemblyandsecretion. Lysosomes are responsiblefordigestion. Ribosomes synthesize proteins. The mitochondria synthesize ATP. The cytoskeleton provides support and structure to the cell.

Answer 71

3. Sugars and fats are partially digestedinthecytoplasm. They are then transported into the mitochondria, where they are converted into ATP.

Answer 72

Thedifferencesbetweenprokaryoticandeukaryoticcellsintermsofthefollowing: nucleus: present only in eukaryotes internal structures: only eukaryotes have organelles and an internal membrane system. cytoskeleton: eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton, but prokaryotes do not although they have some cytoskeletal proteins. DNA: eukaryotic DNA is linear and packaged with histones; prokaryotic DNA is circular and negatively supercoiled and is not associated with histones. reproduction: eukaryotes perform mitosis and meiosis, but prokaryotes only divide by binary fission.

Answer 73

H2O is a polar molecule that interacts strongly with other H2O molecules through hydrogen bonds (H‐bonds). An H‐bond is the weak attraction between a polar oxygen atom in one molecule and a polar hydrogen atom in a second molecule. An H‐bond (20 KJ/mol) is about 20 times weaker than a covalent bond (400 KJ/mol). Nevertheless, H‐bonds are a significant force, because only about 10% of the total H‐bonds in bulk water are broken when H2O goes from the solid to the liquid phase. At 37°C, the structure of water can be thought of as a shifting mosaic, with H‐bonds continually breaking and reforming. The fluidity of water is a result of the speed with which this breaking and reforming occurs: it takes only 10−11 seconds.

Answer 74

This property is significant for biochemistry, because water molecules can also H‐bond to biomolecules. In fact, it is the H‐bonds between bulk water and the outer surface of proteins that keep these enormous, largely organic molecules in solution. The design of “anti‐freeze proteins,” found in the blood of cold‐water fish, is particularly clever. The charged functional groups on the surface of these proteins are arranged in such a way that they break up the ice‐like mosaic structure of attached water molecules in the immediate vicinity of the protein.

Answer 75

Water is characterized by a high boiling point (compared with, say, NH3 or CH4), high surface tension, and high heat of vaporization. Therefore water forms a stable matrix for biomolecules. The body (or a given cell) can be thought of as a continuous aqueous phase, interrupted—or compartmentalized—by barriers (membranes).

Answer 76

The “concentration” of water in the body is ~ 55 Molar. The concentration of biomolecules in the body ranges from 10−3 to 10−12 Molar. Therefore, by the laws of mass action alone, water is a significant participant in biochemical reactions. This point will be expanded in future units; for now, an example of water as a reactant in biochemical reactions is given here:

Answer 77

1. Waterisamosaicstructureinwhich~90%oftheH‐bondsareintactatanygivenmoment.Therefore, water can be thought of as a semi‐solid as well as a liquid. An object that is relatively small, and whose surface area is relatively large for its mass, rests on the surface of water as if it were on a solid. “Surface tension” is the term used to describe this semi‐solid property of water: the forces holding water molecules together at the surface are greater than the forces holding internal water molecules together.

Answer 78

2. Considerthelastpartofthequestionfirst:heatofvaporizationreflectsboththemassandtheamountof hydrogen bonding in a liquid. For similar masses (ammonia = 17 daltons, water = 18 daltons) a lower heat of vaporization means less H‐bonding. NH3 has a lower heat of vaporization than water, and therefore H‐bonds less well to itself and to other polar molecules. Because NH3 is a solvent for polar molecules, it can support biochemical‐type reactions, but not as well as water can. A lower heat of vaporization also means ammonia will evaporate more readily than water. We can conclude, then, that water is a superior biochemical solvent, but that an ammonia‐based biochemistry is possible.

Answer 79

1. explainhowitschemicalpropertieshaveledtowaterbeingdescribedasthe“universalsolvent.”

Answer 80

Read“Henderson‐Hasselbalch(chapter01.pdf#pagemode=bookmarks&page=8)”(pages17–21).

Answer 81

1. pHisimportantformolecules,proteinsinparticular,becausechangingchargesonbiologicalmolecules due to pH changes can affect how these molecules function.

Answer 82

2. Anacidisasubstancewithprotonsthatcandissociatewhendissolvedinwater.Abaseisasubstance that can absorb protons when dissolved in water.

Answer 83

Weakacidsdonotloseprotonsasreadily(H+)andweakbasesdonotabsorbprotonsreadily(OH−) when dissolved in water.

Answer 84

A bufferisaweakacid. Buffers are important because they resist changes in pHbyreleasingprotonsto compensate for those “used up” or that have dissociated in reacting with hydroxyl ions (OH). Buffers provide or absorb protons as needed. They help to keep the H+ concentration, or pH, relatively constant.

BIO CHEM 301 UNIT 1 Flashcards

(116 cards)