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BIO CHEM 301 UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

  1. Define Biochemistry
A

Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. Bio chemistry is divided into 3 fields. Structural biology enzymology and metabolism over the last decades of the 20th century bio chem has became successful at explaining living processes Through the disciplines listed above.

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2
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

  1. Explain how the chemical properties of water make it the ideal biological solvent.
A
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3
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

  1. Describe the organization of a eukaryotic (nucleus-containing) cell, and compare it to the organization of a prokaryotic (non-uncleared) cell.
A
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4
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

  1. Name the major classes of biomolecules , and identify the atoms most commonly found in each class.
A

The 4 major classes of biomolecule’s are: 1. Carbohydrate 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids

* - atoms in carbohydrates: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

* atoms in lipids : carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

* atoms in proteins carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfer.
* atoms in nucleic acids: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and phosphorus

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5
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

  1. Define metabolic pathway.
A

.

In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. The reactants, products, and intermediates of an enzymatic reaction are known as metabolites, which are modified by a sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes.[1]:26 In most cases of a metabolic pathway, the product of one enzyme acts as the substrate for the next. However, side products are considered waste and removed from the cell.[2] These enzymes often require dietary minerals, vitamins, and other cofactors to function.

Different metabolic pathways function based on the position within a eukaryotic cell and the significance of the pathway in the given compartment of the cell.[3] For instance, the, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation all take place in the mitochondrial membrane.[4]:73, 74 & 109 In contrast, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acid biosynthesis all occur in the cytosol of a cell.[5]:441–442

There are two types of metabolic pathways that are characterized by their ability to either synthesize molecules with the utilization of energy (anabolic pathway) or break down of complex molecules by releasing energy in the process (catabolic pathway).[6] The two pathways complement each other in that the energy released from one is used up by the other. The degradative process of a catabolic pathway provides the energy required to conduct a biosynthesis of an anabolic pathway.[6]In addition to the two distinct metabolic pathways is the amphibolic pathway, which can be either catabolic or anabolic based on the need for or the availability of energy.[7]

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6
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

  1. Explain what is meant by the biochemical literature and discuss why it is impoartnat for this and other biochemistry courses.
A

* Biochemists keep upwith new theories and current discoveries by reading the biochemical research literature and annual reviews
* so much literature is Published each year, the bio chemist is in danger of drowning.
** bio chemists use abstract services. Abstract Service allows the reascacher to select articles of interest.

* important for this course because it allows a student to focus on important topics not and get lost in information.

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7
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1 GLOSSARY

Amphiphile

A

Molecule with both polar and non polar portions: most biomolecules are amphipiles.

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8
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1 GLOSSARY

Biomolecule

A

Molecule of Biochemical and biological importance.

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9
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1 GLOSSARY

Escheria coli

A

Typical, very well-studied prokaryote: a bacterium

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10
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1 GLOSSARY

Eukaryote

A

Cell which contains a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles (10^3-10^6 times as large as a prokaryote).

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11
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1 GLOSSARY

Functional group

A

Small reactive organic group attached to a larger molecule.

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12
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1 GLOSSARY

Hypophile

A

Water-soluble molecule

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13
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1 GLOSSARY

Hydrophobe

A

Molecule that is not water-soluble

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14
Q

BIOCHEM UNIT 1 GLOSSARY

Organelle

A

Any membrane-enclosed strucutre in the cell that is used to carry out a specific function.

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15
Q

Biochem unit 1 Glossary

phylogeny

/

A

Evolutionary history of an organism or group of organisms

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16
Q

Biochem Unit I Glossary

Polar molecule

A

Molecule in which the bonding electrons are not shared equally between two atoms the atoms with the greater share of the bonding pair has a slight negative charge, the other atom a slight positive charge

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17
Q

Biochem unit 1 glossary polyprotic acid

A

Molecule with more than one ionizable acid group eg protein

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18
Q

Biochem Unit I glossary

Prokaryote

A

Unicellular organism without a nucleus

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19
Q

Biochem Unit I glossary surface tension

A

Energy necessary to increase the surface area of a liquid

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20
Q

Biochem Unit 1 Lesson l

Objectives 1. Define biochemistry

A

Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both Chemistry and biology.

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21
Q

Biochem Unit I lesson 1 objective 2. List the 6 elements that make up 99% of living Cells

A

The elements that make up 99% of all living cells are l. Nitrogen oxygen carbon and hydrogen and calcium and phosphorus

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22
Q

Biochem unit l lesson, objective 3 list the classes of biomolecules

A

The classes of bio molecules ar lipids, proteins nucleic acids and carbohydrates

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23
Q

Biochem Unit I lesson 1 objective 4 identify some applications of biochemistry.

A

The findings of biochemistry are applied in medicine, nutrition and agriculture in medicine biochemists investigate the causes and cures of disease. Nutrition studies how to maintain health and wellness and the effect at nutrition deficiencies in agriculture biochemists investigate Soil and fertilizes improving crop cultivation’s crop storage and pest control.

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24
Q

Biochem Unit I Lesson 1 objective 5 demonstrate an understanding of the format of a research article and how to read one

A

Research articles have the same form

l. Descriptive title
2. Homes and addresses of authors
3. 100-200 ward summary known as abstract
4. Literature search
5. Description of methods
6. Results of research
7. Discussion of the significance of results
8. List of cuticles cited steps in reading 1 scan-abstract 2. Read last paragraph of literature search 3. Read very last paragraph

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25
Q

Biochem unit-1 lesson 1. Commentary.

.

A

Biochemistry is the study of the building blocks, or molecules of life. And here these molecules.

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26
Q

Biochem unit-unit-1 Lesson 1 commentary identify the different parts of bio molecules

A

The consistent structure of natures major organic building blocks, allows us to find similarties in the biochemical make up of all living creatures. These building blocks termed biomolecales are divided into four classes:

*proteins/and their building blocks amino acids.

*carbohydrates or polysaccharides and their building blocks sugars lipids and their building blocks fatty acids name
*nuckic acids and their building blocks
Nucleotides and ribonucheotides

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27
Q

Biochem unit 1 lessons 1 Commentary how is the diversity of life created?

A

The building blocks of bio molecules ( amino acids, monosaccharides , fatty acids and ribonucleotides and the reactions biomolecales undergo are virtually the same whether viruses, plants or cows are being discussed. The great diversity of life comes from how the building blocks ar assembled.

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28
Q

Biochem Unit I Lesson’ commentary This course emphasizes the similarity of biomolecules in diverse species . It also introduces a wide range of detailed biochemical reactions. It is easy to get lost in the detail biochemical reactions. This course is a bridge between biology and chemistry Chemistry is the study of molecules and reactions

A

Biochemistry is the study of how these molecules interconnect biochem concerns itself with how reactions can function efficiently. biochem is about controlled interconnected reactions when all the bio molecules and biochemical reactions are in a steady state we are in the world of biology. Life itself is about biochemical reactions growth and species reproduction.

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29
Q

BCU1 l1 commentary Biochemistry is a vibrant science.

A

Biochemists study all aspects of the material presented in this course. Hence when you learn some of the biochemical facts reasearches will modify the term when sensitive instruments are used.

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30
Q

BCU1 lesson-1 Reading a scientific article most scientific articles have the same form they include:

A

* A descriptive title

* the names and address of the authors

* a 100-200 word summary of the article, known as an “abstract” a “literature search” section, usually included in the articles introduction that indicate why the problem is worth studying and what previous work been done has on it.

* a description of the Methods, instruments, animals and chemicals used

* the results of the research

* a discussion of the significance of the results

* a list of articles cited

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31
Q

BCU1 lesson-1 Reading a research article is not like reading a novel. Research articles usually explore specific aspects of a particularfeild of study: example is if present theories we being supported or contradicted or if the authors bio molecule

A

Is similar to or different from others in its class

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32
Q

BCU1 Lesson 1 It seems obvious to start by reading the abstract first but because the abstract condenses important features it may be difficult to understand.

A

It is a good idea to scan the abstract to see if under its easy to understand

  • if not try to read the last paragraph of the literature search and the last paragraph of the article
  • Often authors will use the end of the literature teach to connect previously published work with current work.

They will use the last paragraph to turn up and discuss the overall significance of the work after reading the paragraph Hs last two go back and read and the abstract see if it makes sense.

* next examinethe graphs and tables e then read from beginning to end.

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33
Q

BCU1 lesson-1 keep up with new theories and discovery by reading

A

* In danger of drowning in literature

* use abstracting service

* use keywords from research asides a Computer produces a list of articles

* research and get articles from database

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34
Q

Biochem Unit I Lesson’ Study question

1 which six elements make up 99% of living

A

The elements that make up 99% ofa living cells are carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, oxygen,

Calcium ,and phosphorus

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35
Q

Biochem Unit I Lesson study question2

what are the 4 elements most commonly found in bio molecules

A

Carbon

oxygen

hydrogen

nitrogen

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36
Q

Bio them Unit l lesson- study 3. List and describe the 4 main class, of bio molecules

A

The 4 main classes of biomoecales a carbohydrates “ Lipids proteins and nucleic acids *carbohydrates: function to store energy and provide structure. Glucose is a sugar and is classified as a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates store energy and genetic information. They are used in cell interaction and communication.

• The simplest carbohydrate is a monosaccharide. Lipids comprise of a diverse range of molecules and is a catch all for water insoluble or non polar compounds of biological origin: including waxes, fattyacids, sphingolipid’s, glycolipids, and terpenoids. Some hovering structures.

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37
Q

Biochem units lessons I study question 3 a describe lipids

A

Lipids comprise of a diverse range of molecules and tosome extent is a catcall for water insoluble or nonpolar compounds of biological origin including waxes, fatty acids phosphorlipids s glycolipids and terpenoids.

*some lipids are linear, and others are open chain.

*Lipids are usually made of one molecule of glycerol combined with other molecules. Most lipids havesomme polar character in addition to being nonpolar. The bulk of their structure is non polar or hydrophobic, meaning it does not interact well with water
• The other part of their structure is hydrophilic which means water loving. They are amphiphilic.
This means they have hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions

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38
Q

Biochem Unit l Lesson 1 study question #3c describe proteins

A

*Proteins are very large macro molecules made from monornes called amino acids.
* An amino acid consists of an alpha Carbon atom attached to an amino group, carboxylic acid group ,a hydrogen atom and a side chain denoted a “r” proteins.

structural or functional roles. Actin and myosin are responsible for the contraction of skeletal muscle .

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39
Q

Biochem Unit I Lesson I study question 3d describe nucleic acids

A

Nucleic acids are present in cell nuclei. They are complex, high molecular weight biochemical macrocell rules that convey genetic information in all living cells and viruses The most common nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. The phosphate group and the sugar of each nucleotide bond with each other to form the back bone of nuclei acid while the sequence of nitrogenous bases store the information. The most common nitrogenous bases are adenine cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. The nitrogenous bases of each strand of nuckic acid will form hydrogen bonds.

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40
Q

BC u1 Lesson 1 study question 4 how would you test whether a population of microorganisms demonstrates life? Assume you do not have equipment you would need to monitor growth microscope or spectrophoto meter.

A

Other techniques that could be used would be chromatography x ray diffraction, dual polarization interferometry, NMR spectroscopy these techniques allow for the discovery and analysis of molecules and metabolic pathways of the cell. If can analyze the molecule of a group of organisms and then we could determine if the contain the bio mole cells of life.

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41
Q

Biochem Unit 1 Lesson 2 objective 1 demonstrate an understanding of the composition of cells

A
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42
Q

Biochem Unit 1 Lesson 2 objective 2 describe the organization of a eukaryotic nucleus containing) call

A
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43
Q

Biochem Unit 1

lesson-2 objective 3 List the structural differences between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell.

A
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44
Q

Biochem Unit 1 lesson-2 * Biochemistry happens inside of all organisms * all living things are made up of cells * cells are the building blocks of complex organisms * there are two types ofcells → with a nucleus and other subcellular compartments like mitochondria and lysosomes → those that lack the above internal compartments * prokaryotes aredivided into bacteria and archaeous * living cells are everywhere * at the biochemical level it turns out that all cells are more alike then they are different

A
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45
Q

Biochem unit 1 lesson 2 prokaryote notes

A

* Prokaryote is a cellular organism that lacks an envelope enclosed nucleus.* prokaryotes we thought have risen before eukaryotes

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46
Q

Biochem unit I lesson 2 prokaryote notes what do prokaryotes lack?

A

Prokaryotes lack mitochondria

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47
Q

Biochem unit-1 lesson2 prokaryote notes what do some prokaryotes form?

A

While typically being unicellular some prokaryotes such as cyarabacteria form colonies and are asexual

48
Q

Biochem unit-1 lesson 2 prokaryotes what do prokaryotes lack?

A

Only eukaryotic cells have an enveloped nucleus that contains its chromosomal DNA and other membrane bound organelle including mitochondria.

49
Q

Biochem unit 1 lesson 2 prokaryote

A

* Prokaryotes have a prokaryotic cytoskeleton. Composed of actin and tubulin. Cytoskeleton provides the strucfual backgrounds for chemotaxiss the call physiological response of bacteria. * most prokaryotes arc between mum and 10am

50
Q

Biochem unit 1 lesson 2 prokaryotes parts flagellum

A

Long whip like profusion that aids cellular locomotion used by both gram positive and gram negative organisms.

51
Q

Biochem unit 1 lesson 2 prokaryotes parts call membrane

A

Surrounds the cell cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell

52
Q

Biochem unit 1 lesson 2 prokaryotes parts

A

Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives its shape

53
Q

Biochem unit 1 lesson 2 prokaryotes parts cytoplasm

A

A gel like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts,cell components and various Organic Molecules

54
Q

Biochem unit 1 lesson 2 prokaryotes parts ribosome

A

Cell structure responsible for protein production

55
Q

Biochem unit 1 lesson 2 prokaryotes parts nucleoid

A

Area of the cytoplasm that contains the prokaryotes single DNA molecule.

56
Q

Biochem unit 1 lesson 2 prokaryotes parts

Glycocalyx

A

A glycoproteins polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membrane

57
Q

Biochem unit 1 lesson 2 prokaryotes parts cytoplasmic inclusions

A

It contains the inclusion bodies like ribosomes and larger masses scattered in the cytoplasmic matrix

58
Q

BioChem unit 1 lesson 2 morphology cocci

A

Cocci A bacterium that is spherical or ovoid is called a coccus eg streptococcus, staphylococcus

59
Q

BioChem unit 1 lesson 2 morphology bacilli

A

A bacterium with cylindrical shape called rod or a bacillus

60
Q

BioChem unit 1 lesson 2 morphology serial bacteria

A

Some rods twist into spiral shapes and are called spirilla

61
Q

BioChem unit 1 lesson 2 morphology vibrio

A

Comma-shaped

62
Q

BioChem unit 1 lesson 2 reproduction

A

Bacteria and archaea reproduce through asexual reproduction usually by binary fission

63
Q

BioChem unit 1 lesson 2 DNA transfer

A

In bacteria reproduce by bacterial virus mediated transduction

64
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 DNA transfer 2nd mode of transfer

A

Plasmid -mediated conjugation

65
Q

BioChem unit 1 lesson 2 DNA transfer 3rd mode of DNA transfer

A

Natural transformation

66
Q

BioChem unit 1 lesson 2

sociality

A

Prokaryotes are considered strictly unicellular, most can form stable aggregate Communities some Communities are encased in a stabilizing polymer matrix. They are called biofilm. Changes in gene expression is the result of cell to cell signaling called quorum sensing. Biofilm attach to solid surfaces, liquid air interfaces or liquid-liquid interfaces.

67
Q

BioChem unit 1 lesson 2 environment

A

Prokaryotes us photosynthesis or organic compounds for energy. Prokaryotes may obtain energy from inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. Prokaryotes live in nearly all environments on Earth.

68
Q

Biochem unit 1 lesson 2 prokaryote relationship to eukaryotes

A

* Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus containing DNA, whereas prokaryotes do not have a nucleus * both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large rna/protein structures called ribosomes which produce protein * prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts.* prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller then eukaryotic cells

69
Q

BioChem unit 1 lesson 2 eukaryotes

A

* Are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope.* eukaryotic cells typically contain membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts con be found in plants and algae: these organelles are unique to eukaryote, although primitive organelles can be found in prokaryotes

70
Q

BioChem unit 1 lesson 2 eukaryotes

A

* Eukaryotes can reproduce asexually through mitosis and sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion. * eukaryotes can be uni cellular or multicellular and include many cell types leading to different types of cell tissue, * in mitosis one cell divides to produce two genetically identical cells. In meiosis DNA replication two rounds of cell division to is followed by produce for haploid daughter cells

71
Q

BioChem unit 1 lesson 2 cell features

A

* Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than those of prokaryotes having a volume around 10000 times greater than a prokaryotic cell

72
Q

Biochem unit 1 lesson 2 cell features

Describe the general composition of eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells have a variety of internal membrane bound structures called organelles and a cytoskeleton composed of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

73
Q

BioChem I unit 1 lesson 2 cell features

Describe how eukaryotic DNA is organized ?

A

Eukaryotic DNA is divided into several linear bundles called chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells include membrane bound structures called the endomenbrene system * nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear membrane with pores that allow material to move in and out.

74
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 eukaryotic cell features how do cells injest food?

A

Cells ingest food and other materials through a process of endocytosis where the outer membrane pinches off to form a vesicles

75
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 eukaryotic cells

What is a specialized purpose for vesicles

A

* Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down biomolecales in the cytoplasm * peroxisomes are used to break down peroxideand ove contracting vacuoles that expel l Tess water and extrasomes

76
Q

Bio Chem Unit 1 Lesson 2 Eukaryotics cells

Mitochondria

Describe the overall energy pathway and strucutre found in mitochondria.

A

*Mitochondira provide energy to the eukaryotic cell by converting sugars into ATP.

*Two surrounding membranes, each with a phospholipid belayer with invaginations called cristae where aerobic respiration takes places.

77
Q

BioChem Unit 1 lesson 2

Plastids

A

*Plastids have their own DNA and are developed from enosymbionts.

78
Q

BioChem Unit 1 Lesson 2

Cell wall

A

*a layer outside the cell membrane prodciding the cell with strucuctural support, protection, and a filtering mechanism. The major polysaccharides making up the primary cell wall of land plants are cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.

79
Q

Bio Chem Unit 1 Lesson 2

Animal Cell

A

*All animals are eukaryotics.

*lack cell walls and chloroplasts and have smaller vacuoles.

*Due to the lack of cell wall, animals can transform into a variety of shapes.

*phagocytic cells can engulf other structures.

80
Q

Bio Chem Unit 1 lesson 2

Plant cell

A

*large central vacuole enclosed by a membrane called the tonoplast which maintains the cells tutor and controls movement of molecules.

*A primary cell wall contains cellulose, hemicellulose.

81
Q

Bio Chem Unit 1 Lesson 2

Reporduction

A

*Cell division generally takes place asexullay by mitosis, a process that allowed each daughter nucleus to receive one copy of each chromosome.

82
Q

Bio chem Unit 1 lesson 2 Chemsitry of the cell.

where are most biomolecules and reactions found?

A

Most of the biomolecules are found, and most of the reactions involving them take place, inside a cell. This lesson describes a typical eukaryotic cell, including the chemical composition of the cell, and the functions of cellular structures.

83
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 chemistry of the cell

what is the reason behind why living matter is composed of the following:

Hydrogen

carbon

oxygen

nitrogen

Calcium

phOsphorus

chloride

Potassium

sulpher

Sodium

magnesium

MN

Fr

Co

Cu

zn

V

Mo

A

The cell evolved from separate molecules and from small assemblies of molecules. Therefore, we might expect the chemical elements that make up the cell to be similar in abundance to those of the Earth’s crust. This is not the case: of the four most common elements in the Earth’s crust (O, Al, Si, and Fe), two (Si and Al) are not even found in living matter. It seems that the atoms making up living matter are there because of their chemical fit or their similar atomic radii, rather than because they reflect the material from which the cell evolved.

84
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 chemistry of the cell

why do we think of the cell as a an aqueous solution of organic molecules and miniscule amounts of organic ions?

A

As this table shows, the elements hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) add up to 99.4% of a typical cell. Note that the elements in the second section of the table make up less than 1% of the cell. The elements in the third section, called “trace elements,” are found mostly within proteins. In general, the less abundant major elements and the trace elements are ionic or charged species, while H, O, C, and N are likely to be non‐charged species in organic compounds. Therefore, we can think of the cell as an aqueous solution of organic molecules and miniscule amounts of inorganic ions. We will examine the properties of water in Lesson 3.

85
Q
  1. Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 biology of the cell
A
86
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 biology of the cell

cytoplasm

A

aqueous interior of the cell

87
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 biology of the cell

cytoskeleton

A

array of protein “laments found in the cytosol, which controls both cell shape and cell motion

88
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 biology of the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

A

interconnected membrane sheets in the cytoplasm to which ribosomes can be attached

89
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 biology of the cell

Golgi apparatus

A

attened membrane sacs, usually found near the nucleus; proteins, produced inside the cell but designed to be secreted outside the cell, are concentrated and modi”ed in the Golgi apparatus just before being secreted

90
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 biology of the cell

lysosome

A

membrane‐bound organelle that contains potent digestive enzymes

91
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 biology of the cell

membrane

A

lipid‐rich area that surrounds the cell, the mitochondria, or other organelles; membranes have polar surfaces and a hydrophobic interior, and contain 25–75% protein; cellular membranes, and also the membranes enclosing organelles, are semi‐permeable (i.e., water and some, but not all, other molecules can pass freely in and out)

92
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 biology of the cell

mitochondrion

A

membrane‐bound organelle in which the bulk of the cell’s energy (ATP) is produced; mitochondria also contain a small amount of DNA

93
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 biology of the cell

nucleolus

A

specialized, RNA‐rich area of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is thought to be produced

94
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 biology of the cell

nucleus

A

membrane‐bound organelle that contains almost all of the DNA in the cell; the DNA is tightly
coiled and surrounded by positively charged proteins called histones

95
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 biology of the cell

ribosome

A

particle made up of proteins and RNA; ribosomes are the “factories” for protein production; they are found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

96
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 2 biology of the cell

Describe the flow of protein from nucleus to extra cellular space

A

The nucleus is the site of RNA production. Newly produced (and short lived) RNA passes out of the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, or to ER membranes. Amino acids in the cytoplasm are linked together on the ribosomes to make proteins. The newly produced proteins can be used within the cell, incorporated into membranes, or secreted into the extracellular space.

97
Q

BioChem unit 1 less0n 2

Where are sugars and fats transported once they are partially digested in the cytoplasm?

A

Sugars and fats are partially digested in the cytoplasm, and then are transported into the mitochondria, where they are converted into ATP. ATP is the fuel molecule that provides the energy for protein production and other cellular activities. Cells can also synthesize lipids, nucleotides, and ribonucleotides. All biochemical syntheses are accomplished in the cytoplasm or on a membrane surface.

98
Q

Bio chem Unit 1 lesson 2 study questions

  1. How does the composition of the earth’s crust and living cells differ?
A
  1. The earth’s crust is mostlycomposedofO,Al,Si,andFe. Living cells are mostlycomposedofH,C,O, and N. Two elements found in the earth’s crust, Si and Al, are not found in living matter.
99
Q

Bio chem Unit 1 lesson 2 study questions

  1. What is the function of the followingorganelles?
    Golgi

apparatus

lysosome

ribosomes

mitochondria

cytoskeleton

A

Golgi apparatus is involved in protein assemblyandsecretion. Lysosomes are responsiblefordigestion. Ribosomes synthesize proteins. The mitochondria synthesize ATP. The cytoskeleton provides support and structure to the cell.

100
Q

Bio chem Unit 1 lesson 2 study questions

  1. Where are sugars and fats digested in the cell?
A
  1. Sugars and fats are partially digestedinthecytoplasm. They are then transported into the mitochondria, where they are converted into ATP.
101
Q

Bio chem Unit 1 lesson 2 study questions

.4. List the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in termsofthefollowing:
nucleus
internal structures cytoskeleton
DNA organization Reproduction

A

Thedifferencesbetweenprokaryoticandeukaryoticcellsintermsofthefollowing: nucleus: present only in eukaryotes
internal structures: only eukaryotes have organelles and an internal membrane system.
cytoskeleton: eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton, but prokaryotes do not although they have some cytoskeletal proteins.
DNA: eukaryotic DNA is linear and packaged with histones; prokaryotic DNA is circular and negatively supercoiled and is not associated with histones.
reproduction: eukaryotes perform mitosis and meiosis, but prokaryotes only divide by binary fission.

102
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 3 water

explain how h20 is a polar molecule and interacts strongly with other h20 molecules.

A

H2O is a polar molecule that interacts strongly with other H2O molecules through hydrogen bonds (H‐bonds). An H‐bond is the weak attraction between a polar oxygen atom in one molecule and a polar hydrogen atom in a second molecule. An H‐bond (20 KJ/mol) is about 20 times weaker than a covalent bond (400 KJ/mol). Nevertheless, H‐bonds are a significant force, because only about 10% of the total H‐bonds in bulk water are broken when H2O goes from the solid to the liquid phase. At 37°C, the structure of water can be thought of as a shifting mosaic, with H‐bonds continually breaking and reforming. The fluidity of water is a result of the speed with which this breaking and reforming occurs: it takes only 10−11 seconds.

103
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 3 water Why is the property of water significant for BioChem?

A

This property is significant for biochemistry, because water molecules can also H‐bond to biomolecules. In fact, it is the H‐bonds between bulk water and the outer surface of proteins that keep these enormous, largely organic molecules in solution. The design of “anti‐freeze proteins,” found in the blood of cold‐water fish, is particularly clever. The charged functional groups on the surface of these proteins are arranged in such a way that they break up the ice‐like mosaic structure of attached water molecules in the immediate vicinity of the protein.

104
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 3 water What is water characterized by?

A

Water is characterized by a high boiling point (compared with, say, NH3 or CH4), high surface tension, and high heat of vaporization. Therefore water forms a stable matrix for biomolecules. The body (or a given cell) can be thought of as a continuous aqueous phase, interrupted—or compartmentalized—by barriers (membranes).

105
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 3

What is the conentration of water?

A

The “concentration” of water in the body is ~ 55 Molar. The concentration of biomolecules in the body ranges from 10−3 to 10−12 Molar. Therefore, by the laws of mass action alone, water is a significant participant in biochemical reactions. This point will be expanded in future units; for now, an example of water as a reactant in biochemical reactions is given here:

106
Q

BioChem Unit 1 lesson 3 study questions

  1. UsingtheconceptofH‐bonding,explainhowsmallitemsthataredenserthanwater(e.g.,afineneedle or a water bug) can remain on the surface instead of sinking.
A
  1. Waterisamosaicstructureinwhich~90%oftheH‐bondsareintactatanygivenmoment.Therefore, water can be thought of as a semi‐solid as well as a liquid. An object that is relatively small, and whose surface area is relatively large for its mass, rests on the surface of water as if it were on a solid. “Surface tension” is the term used to describe this semi‐solid property of water: the forces holding water molecules together at the surface are greater than the forces holding internal water molecules together.
107
Q

Bio chem lesson 1 lesson 3 study questions

  1. Byconsideringanalternativewayofdoingthings,weunderstandbetterhowthenaturalsituationworks. Suppose that the solvent of life was ammonia rather than water. Consider the properties of water mentioned above (e.g., H‐bonding and high heat of vaporization). How different are the properties of ammonia and water? Do you think ammonia would support biochemical reactions? Why is the heat of vaporization important?
A
  1. Considerthelastpartofthequestionfirst:heatofvaporizationreflectsboththemassandtheamountof hydrogen bonding in a liquid. For similar masses (ammonia = 17 daltons, water = 18 daltons) a lower heat of vaporization means less H‐bonding. NH3 has a lower heat of vaporization than water, and therefore H‐bonds less well to itself and to other polar molecules. Because NH3 is a solvent for polar molecules, it can support biochemical‐type reactions, but not as well as water can. A lower heat of vaporization also means ammonia will evaporate more readily than water. We can conclude, then, that water is a superior biochemical solvent, but that an ammonia‐based biochemistry is possible.
108
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 4 ph and buffers

objectives.

A
  1. explainhowitschemicalpropertieshaveledtowaterbeingdescribedasthe“universalsolvent.”
109
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 4 objectives.

  1. describehydrogenbonds(H‐bonds).
A
110
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 4

objectives

describetheassociationofamphiphilicmoleculesinaqueoussolution

A
111
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 4 reading

Read“BuffersKeeptheCellularEnvironmentStable(chapter01.pdf#pagemode=bookmarks&page=6)” (pages 15–17 in the textbook).

A
112
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 4 readings

A

Read“Henderson‐Hasselbalch(chapter01.pdf#pagemode=bookmarks&page=8)”(pages17–21).

113
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 4 study questions

  1. Why is pH importantformolecules,in particularproteins?
A
  1. pHisimportantformolecules,proteinsinparticular,becausechangingchargesonbiologicalmolecules due to pH changes can affect how these molecules function.
114
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 4 study questions.
2. Definetheterms“acid”and“base.”

A
  1. Anacidisasubstancewithprotonsthatcandissociatewhendissolvedinwater.Abaseisasubstance that can absorb protons when dissolved in water.
115
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lees 4 study question

  1. Explainthepropertiesofweakacidsandweakbases.
A

Weakacidsdonotloseprotonsasreadily(H+)andweakbasesdonotabsorbprotonsreadily(OH−) when dissolved in water.

116
Q

Bio chem unit 1 lesson 4 study question

  1. What is a buffer and why are buffersimportant?
A

A bufferisaweakacid. Buffers are important because they resist changes in pHbyreleasingprotonsto compensate for those “used up” or that have dissociated in reacting with hydroxyl ions (OH). Buffers provide or absorb protons as needed. They help to keep the H+ concentration, or pH, relatively constant.

BIOCHEMISTRY (2 decks)

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