Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO & Anatomy > BIO - Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules > Flashcards

BIO - Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Macromolecule

A

Large molecule that is composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Ex: Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Polymers

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Monomers

A

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. Are repeating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Polymerization

A

The chemical mechanisms by which cells make polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In cells, the processes of building and breaking down are facilitated by?

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Enzyme

A

A macromolecule that serves as a catalyst (a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most enzymes are ____

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

The reaction that connects a monomer to another monomer or a polymer. A reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a small molecule such as H2O (in this case it would be dehydration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Also a type of condensation reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are life’s 4 organic molecules?

A

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3/4 of Life’s Organic Molecules are polymers. These 3 are?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Monomers form larger molecules by ____

A

Condensation reactions called dehydration reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the monomers for carbohydrates/polysaccharides

A

monosaccharides/simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the monomers for proteins

A

amino acids (20 of them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the monomers for nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides (5 of them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the body’s favorite monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the chemical formula and ratio for glucose (the most common monosaccharide)?

A

C6H12O6 –> 1:2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Monomers form larger molecules (polymers) by condensation reactions called?

A

Dehydration Reactions (which is an anabolic reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Polymers are disassembled into monomers by ____, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of dehydration reactions and involves the addition of H2O

A

Hydrolysis (which is a catabolic reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

An immense variety of polymers can be built from____

A

A small set of monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Monosaccharides serve as ____

A

Major fuel for cells and raw building material for molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Carbohydrates include ___

A

Monosaccharides (simple sugars/monomers), disaccharides, or polysaccharides (aka carbohydrate macromolecules).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide/simple sugar?

A

Glucose

26
Q

Monosaccharides are classified by location of the ____ and by number of ______

A

Carbonyl group (aldose or ketose); Carbons in the carbon skeleton

27
Q

Often drawn as a linear skeleton, monosaccharides will form what shape in an aqueous (sol. that contains water as a solvent) solution?

A

Ring shape

28
Q

The covalent bond between two monosaccharides joined when a dehydration reaction takes place is called a _____

A

Glycosidic linkage

29
Q

What is the difference between an aldose (aldehyde sugar) and a ketose (ketone sugar)?

A

The location of the carbonyl group. In an aldose, the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton, while in a ketose it is within the carbon skeleton.

30
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

CO

31
Q

Glucose and fructose are what type of isomers?

A

Structural Isomers

32
Q

The most common disaccharide is sucrose. It’s made of which 2 monomers?

A

glucose and fructose

33
Q

Starchers are?

A

Polysaccharides

34
Q

Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?

A

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.

35
Q

Glycogen

A

A glucose storage polymer found in animals

36
Q

Starch

A

A glucose storage polymer in plants

37
Q

Chitin

A

The structural polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons

38
Q

Collagen

A

Structural protein found in tendons and ligaments

39
Q

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for

A

Energy storage and release

40
Q

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why can the same enzyme not break down cellulose?

A

The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded together (by B glycosidic linkages) differently than those in starch (glycosidic linkages).

41
Q

Nutritionally, saturated triacylglycerols are considered to be less healthful than unsaturated triacylglycerols. What is the difference between them?

A

For carbon skeletons of equal length, saturated triacylglycerols have more hydrogen atoms than unsaturated triacylglycerols do.

42
Q

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.

A

Phospholipids (which form the bilayer between the cell and its external environment). Phospholipids have a polar and nonpolar end.

43
Q

Phospholipids are ____. Triacylglycerols are ____.

A

Fats; Oils; Both are lipids

44
Q

Steroids are ____

A

Lipids

45
Q

High cholesterol levels are considered a major risk factor for heart disease. If it is so bad for humans, why does the body make cholesterol in the first place?

A

Cholesterol is the precursor for many important molecules such as sex hormones.

46
Q

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid at room temperature by

A

adding hydrogen atoms to the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains, thereby converting carbon-carbon double bonds to single bonds

47
Q

Nucleotides (monomers for nuclei acids) contain:

A

Nitrogenous base, Penrose sugar, and a phosphate group

48
Q

Nucleoside

A

The part of a nucleotide without the phosphate group

49
Q

DNA

A

Provides directions for its own replication & directs synthesis of mRNA and controls protein syn. Through mRNA

50
Q

2 types of nitrogenous bases

A

Pyrimidines and purines

51
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Have a single 6membered ring (C and U and T)

52
Q

Purines

A

Have a 6 membered ring fused to a 5 membered ring (A and G)

53
Q

Transcription

A

Then DNA into mRNA

5’-3’ becomes 3’5’

The translation is when you use the U

54
Q

T

A

Thymine

55
Q

A

A

Adenine

56
Q

G

A

Guanine

57
Q

C

A

Cytosine

58
Q

Protein Conformation is determined by:

A

Primary structure, physical and chemical changes in pH, slat concentration, temperature, and other environmental factors

59
Q

Denaturation

A

Protein becomes inactive

60
Q

Chaperonins

A

Protein molecule that assist the proper folding of other proteins

61
Q

Amino acids have which two groups

A

Carboxyl and amino

62
Q

Protein functions

A

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, defense against foreign substances, enzymes

BIO & Anatomy (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions