Anatomy - Chapter 2 Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards
Acid
A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) into solutions
Amino Acid
The monomers that make up proteins which are the building blocks of life.
Extra/Important Info:
They are made up of SPONCH (Sulfur, Phosphorous, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen) There are 20 known amino acids. They form peptide ponds and complex polypeptides (aka proteins). They are the basic building material for life and include enzymes.
Know how to Draw an Amino Acid with the info below:
They have an amino group (NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group (COOH), a single hydrogen, a function R group and an alpha carbon group.
Synthesis Reaction (aka Anabolism)
When two or more atoms combine to form a new substance
Ex: A + B –> AB
Atom
The smallest unit of matter that forms a chemical element
Base
A substance that releases hydroxide (OH-) into a solution
Buffer
Chemical compounds that convert strong acids and bases into weaker acids and bases to maintain homeostasis and prevent shock to the internal environment
Ex: Antacid
Carbohydrate
One of the four types of organic molecules. It includes sugars and starches. Its monomers are monosaccharides (aka simple sugars). They function as building blocks and sources of energy. They are composed of CH and O in a 1:2:1 ratio. Make up 2-3% of the body.
Ex of Monosaccharide: Glucose
Ex of Disaccharide: Sucrose and Lactose
Ex of Polysaccharide: Starch
Decomposition Reaction (aka Catabolism)
When a molecule is broken down into 2 or more individual atoms
Ex: AB –> A + B
Catalyst
An enzyme or special molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction by decreasing activation energy
Compound
A molecule that contains atoms of two or more different elements
Covalent Bond
Bond formed when atoms share valence electrons.
Dehydration Synthesis
The opposite of hydrolysis. Small molecules join to form large molecules by the removal of water
Element
The building block of all living and non-living things. It’s a substance that can’t be broken down by non-nuclear reactions.
Electrolyte
An ionic compound that dissociates into positive and negative ions in solutions
Enzyme
A protein molecule that functions as a catalyst. Their names ends with “ases”
Ex: Oxidases (enzyme) adds oxygen, ATPases splits ATP
Exchange Reaction (aka Displacement)
Reaction in which products and reactants change bonds and places
Example:
AB + CD –> AD + BC
Hydrogen Bond
A polar covalent bond between hydrogen that attract the partial negative charge of a nearby atom. This allows for cohesion.
Hydrolysis
Large molecules break down into smaller molecules by the addition of water molecules
Ion
An atom that has a positive or negative charge because it lost or gained electrons
Ionic Bond
Bond in which atoms accept or donate their valance electrons
Isotope
Atoms of an element that have different number of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers
Lipid
One of the four organic molecules. Makes up 18-25% of the body mass. Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Metabolism
All chemical reactions in the body
Nonpolar
Equal sharing of valance electrons in a covalent bond.
Nucleic Acid
One of the four organic molecules. It’s large and contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. There are two types (DNA and RNA).
Polar
Unequal sharing of valance electrons in a covalent bond between two atoms, resulting in a molecule having a partially positive charge and the other having a partial negative charge.
(In a polar covalent bond, one molecule attracts the valance electrons more than the other molecule)
Protein
Large, complex molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and many contain sulfur.
Purine
A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. Has a six-membered ring attached to a five-membered ring
Ex: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
Pyrimidine
A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. Has a six-membered ring
Ex: Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U)
Salt
A substance that dissolves into cations (+ions) & anions (-ions) in solution
Ex: Na+ Cl- (NaCl)
Saturated Fat
Are solid at room temperature and have no double bonds. They are not good for the body.
Steroid
A type of lipid that has four rings of carbon.
Ex: Cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, bile salts, prostaglandins, and vitamin D.
Triglyceride
The most abundant lipids in the body. They are composed of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids. Can be saturated or unsaturated.
Unsaturated Fat
Are liquid at room temperature, and have double bonds that cause kinks in the molecule. They are easier to break down.
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate, the principal energy-transferring molecule in living systems
ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate, the result of the removal of the third phosphate group in ATP
LDL
Low-density lipoprotein (unhealthy type of cholesterol)
HDL
High-density lipoprotein (healthy type of cholesterol)
Open Ended: What are the main parts of an amino acid? How many are there? What are they used for?
Parts of an Amino Acid - amino group (NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (COOH), a single hydrogen, a functional R group, and an alpha carbon.
There are 20 amino acids (Ex: lysine, cysteine, leucine, glycine, serine, asparagine)
Amino acids are basic building materials for life. They are the monomers for proteins/polypeptides.
Open Ended: What are the different types of metabolism and chemical reactions that pair with them?
Types of metabolism - catabolism & anabolism
Reactions that Pair with Catabolism - decomposition reactions
Reactions that Pair with Anabolism - synthesis reactions
Open Ended: What are the four structures of a protein? Be able to explain them.
Primary Structure - The unique sequence of amino acids that are linked by covalent bonds to form a polypeptide chain (This is when we drew a chain of amino acids)
Secondary Structure - Repeated twisting or folding (This is when we folded the paper or cut it into a spiral)
Tertiary Structure - 3D shape of a polypeptide chain. Each protein has a unique 3D shape that determines how it functions (This is when we stapled one amino acid to another on our chain)
Quaternary Structure - Many polypeptide chains joined together. (This is when we stapled our proteins to other proteins)
Open Ended: What are the main elements, lesser elements, and trace elements?
Main Elements: HONC (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & carbon)
Lesser Elements: Calcium (Ca), Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe)
Trace Elements: Aluminum (Al), Boron (B), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Fluorine (F), Iodine (I), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Selenium (Se), Silicon (Si), Tin (Sn), Vanadium (V), Zinc (Zn)
Open Ended: Be able to discuss the four groups of organic molecules and how they are important to life.
The four groups of organic molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates function as building blocks and sources of energy. Their monomers are monosaccharides/simple sugars. They include sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose.
Lipids are important for cell membrane structure, energy storage, and hormone production. Do not have a monomer. They include triglycerides (fats & oils), phospholipids (found in plasma membranes), steroids, fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E and K)
Proteins serve many roles (including hormones, catalysts, and antibodies). More importantly, they are the building blocks of life. Their monomers are amino acids, bonded by peptide bonds. They have 4 levels of structure.
Nucleic Acids contain genetic material and function in protein synthesis. There are 2 types (DNA -forms genetic material-and RNA-functions in protein synthesis). Their monomers are nucleotides.
Open Ended: What are the qualities of water that make it important?
Water is the most important inorganic molecule.
- Used in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
- High heat capacity and is polar
- Used as a lubricant
- Universal solvent (attracts hydrophilic molecules & repels hydrophobic molecules)
Mass Number
Sum of protons and neutrons
Atomic Number
Number of protons or electrons
Free Radical
A highly reactive electrically charged atom or group of atoms
Reactants
Starting materials in a reaction
Products
End result of a reaction
Potential Energy
Stored energy
Kinetic Energy
Energy in motion
Energy
The capacity to do work
Chemical Energy
Energy found in chemical bonds
Activation Energy
The energy needed to begin a chemical reaction
What things influence activation energy?
- Temperature
- pH Level
- Concentration
- Inhibitors
- Cofactors
- Pressure
Endergonic
Absorb more energy than they release
Exergonic
Release more energy than they absorb
Reversible Reactions
A reaction in which the products and reacts can revert to one another
Ex: AB <—-> A + B
Mixture
A combination of elements or compounds physically bonded
Solution
Evenly distributed molecules in a solvent that do not settle out
Suspension
Has large solute particles that do settle out (like wood)
Colloid
Particles are larger and are suspended in the solvent (like milk and jello)
What are the three states of matter and the honorary one
Liquid, solid, gas, plasma (honorary)
Phospholipids
Have a glycerol molecule and 2 fatty acids (one is saturated and the other is unsaturated). They are polar and form cell membranes.
Enzymes are grouped according to?
The chemical reactions they catalyze
Enzymes can be reused how many times?
As high as 600k times. They have low activation energy and are susceptible to cellular controls and environmental changes.
